002 and 18%, P = .05, respectively). The CR was increased (a steeper slope) by 83% for samples with added agitated clot serum only (P = .007). Conclusion:

We observed a significant change for ACT in WB samples with added clot serums as compared to the baseline WB samples. The results of this study suggest that the soluble substances released from clotting blood have profound procoagulant effects.”
“Background: Rotavirus and more recently norovirus have been recognized as 2 of the most common causes of acute diarrhea in children. Comparative analysis of these infections in a birth cohort has not been performed and ATM/ATR assay can provide relevant insight on clinical and viral behaviors.

Methods: Mother-infant pairs from middle-low socioeconomic background living in the Metropolitan Region of Chile are being followed for 18 months in 2 outpatient clinics. Infants are evaluated monthly for asymptomatic excretion of rotavirus and norovirus and during acute diarrhea episodes (ADE) for rotavirus, norovirus, and bacterial enteropathogens. Severity of ADE is evaluated using the Vesikari score.

Results: Between July 1, 2006 and

September 1, 2008 a total of 198 children were followed for a mean of 15.7 months. Asymptomatic rotavirus and norovirus infections were detected in 1.3% and 8% of 2278 stool samples compromising 14% and 57% of infants, respectively. Incidence of ADE was approximately 0.8 for the first year of life and approximately 0.6 for the 13 to 18 month age group. Selleck cancer metabolism inhibitor Rotavirus and norovirus were detected in 15% and 18% of 145 Daporinad ADE evaluated. Mean Vesikari score was 10.4 and 7.4 for rotavirus and norovirus respectively (P = 0.01) and severity was not associated with age of patients for either virus. Reinfections were more common for norovirus asymptomatic episodes: 44% versus 19% (P = 0.01) and borderline for symptomatic episodes: 40% versus 11% (P = 0.08). Rotavirus genotype

G9P8 and norovirus genogroup II (GII) predominated although most asymptomatic episodes for both viruses were nontypable. None of 19 symptomatic GII norovirus infections had a previous documented GII infection compared with 10 of 31 asymptomatic GII infections (OR = 0.95% CL = 0,0.59; P = 0.008).

Conclusions: Children had suffered a mean of approximately 1.4 ADE by 18 months of age of which 15% and 18% were caused by rotavirus and norovirus, respectively. In general rotavirus infections were more severe than norovirus infections and for both viruses severity was not related to age. Norovirus reinfections were significantly more common than rotavirus reinfections but for GII norovirus a primary infection seems to confer protection against clinically significant reinfections.”
“Several indole derivatives and analogues comprising a range of related structural classes were designed, synthesized and tested as ligands for the 5-HT4 receptor.

Further prospective

studies should investigate more deeply the correlation between type of closure and the development of a compartment syndrome.”
“Background: Few studies have addressed small airway (SA) histopathological changes and their possible role in the remodeling process in idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Objectives: To study morphological, morphometrical and immunohistochemical features of SA in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (usual interstitial pneumonia, UIP) and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP). Methods: We analyzed SA pathology in lung biopsies from 29 patients with UIP and 8 with NSIP. Biopsies were compared with lung tissue from 13 patients with constrictive bronchiolitis (CB) as positive controls and 10 normal autopsied control lungs. We semi-quantitatively analyzed SA structure, inflammation, architectural features and the bronchiolar epithelial immunohistochemical expression check details of TGF-beta, MMP-2, 7, 9, and their tissue inhibitors (TIMP-1, 2). Results: Compared to controls, patients with UIP, NSIP and CB presented increased bronchiolar inflammation, peribronchiolar

inflammation and fibrosis and decreased luminal areas. UIP patients had thicker walls due to an increase in most airway compartments. LB-100 NSIP patients presented increased epithelial areas, whereas patients with CB had larger inner wall areas. All of the groups studied presented increased bronchiolar expression of MMP-7 and PARP inhibitor MMP-9, compared to the controls. Conclusion: We conclude that SAs are pathologically altered and may take part in the lung-remodeling process in idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Copyright (C) 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Objective: To characterize current practices of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) among endourologists in relation to practice

setting, experience, and fellowship training.

Methods: An Internet survey was administered to active Endourological Society members. Responses were grouped based on demographic information pertaining to setting of practice, number of years practiced, and fellowship training in endourology. PCNL technique details were evaluated and compared by each group. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS.

Results: Two hundred ninety-three completed responses of 2000 were received. There was a significant difference in the experience level among respondents (p < 0.001), with a relatively greater proportion being 11-20 years in practice. The majority of respondents were academic urologists (74%), with 18% being within a group-based private practice. Seventy-seven percent of respondents obtained their own access while 19% had access by interventional radiologists. Sixty-two percent were endourology fellowship trained, and fellows were significantly more likely to obtain their own access (82% vs 71%, p=0.022).

Degradation behavior of the copolymer was studied in vitro. Release behavior of TCH from the electrospun membrane and antimicrobial effects of the TCH-loaded membrane against Staphylococcus aureus culture were investigated. The medicated GPCR Compound Library purchase nanofibrous membrane demonstrated sustained release of TCH over 6 days and was found to be effective in inhibiting growth of S. aureus. In addition, increasing the antibiotic drug content in the electrospun membranes was found to enhance the anti-bacterial effectiveness of the medicated fiber mats. And the combination of mechanical barriers provided by the electrospun biodegradable

nanofibrous membranes and their capability of local sustained delivery of antibiotics

made these membranes more useful in biomedical applications, particularly as new wound dressings for ulcers caused by diabetes or other diseases, and to provide a better means of treatment for these malignant wounds and ulcers. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 118: 588-595, 2010″
“Liver abscesses often present with nonspecific symptoms and laboratory examination abnormalities, resulting in missed diagnoses at emergency departments (ED). The purpose of this study was INCB018424 inhibitor to determine if there are differences in presentation and prognosis between patients in whom liver abscess is diagnosed at an ED or once the patient has been transferred to a ward. Patients with a liver abscess who were discharged from our hospital between 2005 and 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. We compared the clinical characteristics between patients

with liver abscess diagnosed at an ED or in a ward. Patients with liver abscess diagnosed at an ED had more abdominal pain (73.4% vs. 42.9%, p <0.001), longer duration of symptoms before hospitalization (5.5 days vs. 3.8 days, p = 0.034) and fewer respiratory tract symptoms (12.5% vs. 24.5%, p = 0.05). Fewer cases with abnormal chest X-rays also existed for these patients (4.7% vs. 14.7%, p = 0.048). Cases not diagnosed at ED had delayed diagnoses for 4.41 +/- 3.16 days. Rates of mortality (6.3% vs. 8.2%, p = 0.740), shock (19.5% vs. 20.4%, p = 0.896), and length of hospital stay (19.6 days vs. 22.4 days, p = 0.173) were not significantly different between the patients diagnosed at an ED and those diagnosed later in a SNX-5422 Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor ward. Most information collected at the ED could not be used to aid diagnosis. Only abdominal pain was highly associated with liver abscess diagnosed at the ED. Undiagnosed liver abscess presented less abdominal pain and more symptoms or examination abnormalities related to infection of the respiratory and urinary tracts. Abdominal sonography should be performed more frequently at EDs to exclude liver abscess from differential diagnosis. However, further diagnosis and treatment while the patient with liver abscess is attending a ward does not affect prognosis.

The availability of this innovative type of OC will significantly reduce the number Alvocidib manufacturer of NTDs.”
“A new compound of ansamitocin was isolated from the extracts of fermentation medium of mutant strain HGF052 derived from Actinosynnema pretiosum

ssp. aurantium ATCC 31565, and identified as N-demethyl-desepoxy-9-methoxy-maytansinol (1) on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods. Bioassay results showed that compound 1 had cytotoxic activity against HL-60 and BEL-7402 cell lines.”
“It is well known that maternal obesity has adverse effects on the health of offspring, causing immediate and long-term morbidities. The various types of procedure coming under the heading of bariatric surgery have proved effective in preventing some maternal and foetal complications in morbidly obese pregnant women. This review aims to assess the

role, the risks and the benefits of bariatric surgery for mothers and offspring. According to recent findings, pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in morbidly obese women who have undergone bariatric surgery depend to some extent on the type of surgery used. Maternal complications, nutritional defects and intestinal obstruction are more frequently reported after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) than after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) procedures, whereas caesarean selleck kinase inhibitor section, preterm delivery and neonatal death are more commonly reported after RYGB than after LAGB. The authors of the only long-term follow-up study conducted on this subject reported that the rate of obesity in the children dropped by 52% after bariatric

surgery for the mother, and the cases of severe obesity decreased by 45%. Data on pregnancy and bariatric surgery confirm that the procedure is more effective than dietary measures alone in morbidly obese women, and that pregnancy outcome is generally favorable after surgery. Some studies have indicated, nonetheless, that pregnancies after bariatric Dihydrotestosterone in vivo surgery are at higher risk: the women affected require special medical attention, particularly as concerns gastrointestinal symptoms and vitamin deficiencies, warranting nutritional/dietary counselling by a multidisciplinary team before, during and after pregnancy.”
“The chemical composition of the solvent extracted fixed oil of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seeds was determined by capillary GC and GC/MS. Thirty-two fatty acids (99.9%) have been identified in the fixed oil. The major fatty acids were linoleic acid (50.2%), oleic acid (19.9%), margaric acid (10.3%), cis-11,14-eicosadienoic acid (7.7%) and stearic acid (2.5%). The effect of black cumin oil on in vitro percutaneous absorption of the model lipophilic drug carvedilol was investigated using excised rat abdominal skin. Transdermal flux, permeability coefficient and enhancement factor were calculated for different concentrations of oil in isopropyl alcohol.

Methods: The SVEGF-C level of 80 patients with GC was examined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. An MDCT scan of the abdomen was performed. Kaplan Meier survival analysis was used to analyse

survival. Results: In patients with GC, a higher level of SVEGF-C was found in the LNM group (650.9 +/- 198.6 vs 451.0 +/- 115.5 pg/mL, P = 0.000) and in patients with distant metastases (834.3 +/- 80.0 pg/mL vs 557.9 +/- 187.0 pg/mL, P = 0.000). With a cut-off value of 542.5 pg/mL, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of SVEGF-C for predicating LNM were 82.8, 81.8, 82.5, 92.3 and 64.3%, respectively. MDCT could not be employed to detect the LNM. When SVEGF-C associated DAPT manufacturer with MDCT was employed to determine LNM in GC, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were

91.4, 86.4, 90.0, 94.6 and 79.2%, respectively. No difference of SVEGF-C level was found among N1, N2 and N3 groups (P > 0.05). The 5-year overall survival was 47.5%. A shorter mean survival time were found in patients with SVEGF-C >834.3 pg/ml (43.3 +/- 2.8 months vs 67.4 +/- 2.5 months, P = 0.000) and in patients who were MDCT-positive (42.7 +/- 3.8 months vs 60.8 +/- 2.2 months, P = 0.0034). Conclusion: SVEGF-C may be a biomarker for a preoperative diagnosis of LNM. In conjunction with MDCT, SVEGF-C can improve the accuracy of a diagnosis of LNM in GC. A higher SVEGF-C level and an MDCT-positive finding could predict the poorer prognosis of GC.”
“In children and adolescents, the diagnosis of hypertension https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cobimetinib-gdc-0973-rg7420.html is based on office, BAY 73-4506 home and ambulatory blood pressure (BP) measurements. Different normalcy tables for each method have provided 95th percentiles of BP as thresholds for hypertension diagnosis. This study assessed the differences in BP thresholds among these methods when applied in the pediatric population. The most widely used office, home and ambulatory BP normalcy tables were compared in terms of the 50th and 95th percentiles by gender and age. The range of office

BP change with increasing age is wider than for home or ambulatory BP in boys and girls, apart from systolic BP in boys. Percentiles of home BP are consistently lower than that of daytime ambulatory BP. There is a trend for office BP to be lower than home or daytime ambulatory BP in the younger age subgroups. This difference is progressively eliminated with increasing age, apart from systolic BP in boys. In conclusion, in children and adolescents, the relationship between office, home and ambulatory BP thresholds provided by the widely used normalcy tables is not the same as in the adults. These findings should be taken into account when evaluating BP measurements in children and adolescents in clinical practice. Journal of Human Hypertension (2011) 25, 218-223; doi:10.1038/jhh.2010.

Two EE2 by-products were identified with open phenolic ring structures (masses 302 and 344 u). The Yeast Estrogen Screening (YES) assay showed a decreased

but incomplete removal of estrogenicity after ozonation of EE2. Histological analysis of fetal testes revealed that neither E2 nor EE2, with or without ozonation, had any effect on seminiferous cord formation; however, a remarkable negative effect on testosterone secretion was observed, with EE2 by-products VX-680 manufacturer after ozonation showing the most rapid and extensive inhibition. These results show that the removal of EE2 via reaction with O-3 resulted in the formation of by-products that are less estrogenic (as demonstrated ARN-509 concentration by the YES assay), but have a greater negative impact on testosterone secretion. Thus, the disappearance of the parent compound is not a sufficient endpoint, as the by-products created may be more toxic. Care should be taken when implementing oxidation applications such as ozone during waste water treatment. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Lymphedema is classified as a congenital disorder or acquired disorder. Common causes of acquired genital lymphedema

include surgery, trauma, radiotherapy, neoplastic infiltration, venereal diseases and filariasis. Acquired idiopathic cases are also sometimes observed among genital lymphedema. There is no standard algorithm for the treatment of genital lymphedema. Surgical management for penile lymphedema in the chronic phase was discussed in many previous articles, however, management to prevent progression in the acute phase has been rarely mentioned.

We present a case of acquired idiopathic penile lymphedema, in which histological examination was performed and acute phase progression was successfully ceased with low-dose corticosteroids. This is the first report that proposes the usefulness of low-dose systemic glucocorticoids for acquired idiopathic penile lymphedema showing rapid progression hypoxia-inducible factor pathway and histopathological lymphocytic inflammation.”
“Renal transplantation remains the preferred method of renal replacement therapy in terms of patient survival, quality of life and cost. However, patients have a high risk of complications ranging from rejection episodes, infection and cancer, amongst others.

In this study, we sought to determine the long-term health outcomes and preventive health measures undertaken for the 1,536 living renal transplant patients in Ireland using a self-reported questionnaire. Outcomes were divided into categories, namely, general health information, allograft-related information, immunosuppression-related complications and preventive health measures.

The results demonstrate a high rate of cardiovascular, neoplastic and infectious complications in our transplant patients.

Medical records were reviewed to abstract the demographic data, clinical presentation, evaluation, treatment, and follow-up outcomes. A total of 12 patients (1.4%) with myopericarditis were identified. All the patients were male, 8 (67%) of whom were Caucasian, and their median age

was 16 years (range, 11-17 years). Two of the patients buy MG-132 (17%) had recently used illicit drugs, and two (17%) had recently smoked cigarettes. At presentation, symptoms included chest pain in 12 patients (100%, 12/12), upper respiratory symptoms in 3 patients (25%, 3/12), and shortness of breath in 3 patients (25%, 3/12). No cardiac murmur or gallop was noted in any patient. Electrocardiographic (ECG) changes included diffuse ST-T changes (5 patients), localized ST-T changes (6 patients), and no ST-T changes (1 patient). All the patients had elevated levels of cardiac enzymes, with a median Troponin I level of 21.4 ng/ml (range, 5.0-134.4 ng/ml) and a median Linsitinib price CK-MB level of 50.2 ng/ml (range, 7-135 ng/ml). Echocardiography showed normal left ventricular systolic function in all the patients (median ejection fraction, 61%; range, 56-69%).

None had pericardial effusion during the first echocardiographic evaluation. Coronary angiography showed normal coronary arteries in all nine subjects for whom it was performed. Treatment of myopericarditis consisted of ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and/or aspirin. During a median follow-up period of 2 months (range, 2 weeks to 3 years), all the patients were asymptomatic with echocardiography showing normal left ventricular size and function. Myopericarditis was exclusively seen in male adolescents. Despite markedly elevated levels of cardiac enzymes, the clinical evolution of myopericarditis seems benign without any myocardial dysfunction. The inflammatory involvement of the myocardium appears to be self-limited without short-term, overt sequelae. An elevated troponin I level in myopericarditis,

unlike acute coronary syndromes, does not seem to carry an adverse find more prognosis. Further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term prognosis for such patients.”
“Liversamples from 51 cetaceans, comprising 10 species, stranded between 1994 and 2006 in a highly industrialized and urbanized region in Southeast Brazil, were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and methoxylated-PBDEs (MeC-PBDEs). A concentration range of PBDEs (3-5960 ng/g lw) similar to that observed in Northern Hemisphere dolphins was found. MeO-PBDE concentrations in continental shelf(CS) dolphins from Brazil are among the highest detected to date in cetaceans (up to 250 mu g/g lw). Higher Sigma MeO-PBDE concentrations were measured in CS and oceanic dolphins than in estuarine dolphins. The Sigma PBDE/Sigma MeO-PBDE ratio varied significantly ranging from a mean value of 7.12 to 0.08 and 0.01 for estuarine, CS and oceanic species, respectively.

The porous structure of these materials was characterized. The introduction of the dithiocarbamate moiety on the copolymers followed a synthetic pathway based on the nitration reaction, reduction of the nitro group to the amino one, and finally, the addition of the amino group to CS(2). All of the synthesis steps were monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Only Autophagy Compound Library the addition reaction to CS(2) was greatly influenced by the copolymer porosity. The effect of the dilution degree on the reaction extension was more pronounced than the effect of the DVB content. The more porous materials with higher dithiocarbamate contents adsorbed a higher amount of ions in a faster way, with

Zn(2+) being preferable over Cd(2+) ions. The difference between the Zn(2+) and Cd(2+) adsorption rates was enhanced with the copolymer porosity, and also enhanced was the difference between the amounts of ions adsorbed by the copolymer; this suggested that the selectivity toward these ions could be controlled by the copolymer porous structure. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym

Sci 116: 3070-3078,2010″
“Background: Recent efforts to Selleckchem AC220 improve the results of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction have focused on placing the femoral tunnel anatomically. Medial portal femoral tunnel techniques facilitate drilling of femoral tunnels that are more anatomic than those made with transtibial techniques. Few studies have compared the clinical outcomes of these two femoral tunnel techniques. We hypothesized

that the transtibial technique is associated with decreased Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores (KOOS) and an increased risk of repeat surgery in the ipsilateral knee when compared with the anteromedial portal technique.

Methods: Four hundred and thirty-six patients who had undergone primary isolated autograft ACL reconstruction with a transtibial (229 patients) or anteromedial MGCD0103 clinical trial portal (207 patients) technique in 2002 or 2003 were identified in a prospective multicenter cohort. A multiple linear regression model was used to determine whether surgical technique (transtibial or anteromedial portal) was a significant predictor of KOOS at six years postoperatively, after controlling for preoperative KOOS, patient age, sex, activity level, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, graft type, and the presence of meniscal and chondral pathology at the time of reconstruction. A multiple logistic regression model was used to determine whether surgical technique was a significant predictor of repeat ipsilateral knee surgery, after controlling for patient age and activity level, graft type, and meniscal pathology at the time of reconstruction.

Results: Postoperative KOOS were available for 387 patients (88.8%). Femoral tunnel drilling technique was not a predictor of the KOOS Quality of Life subscore (p = 0.

Costs were in 2013 US dollars, and effectiveness was measured as frequency of avoiding the need for rescue analgesics. Direct medical costs included medication, equipment, supplies, and labor associated GSK3235025 with the treatment of adverse events from pain medications. Medication costs assumed single-dose vials.

Results

In the base case, IV acetaminophen in combination with opioids was both less costly ($17.12) and more effective (3.3% fewer rescue events). In sensitivity analyses,

the combination strategy remained cost-effective as long as the frequency of rescue analgesic administration was less than that in the opioid-alone strategy. Although medication costs of the combination strategy were higher, the overall costs were less than the competing strategy due to reduced adverse effects and reduced time spent in PACU.

Conclusions

The routine use of IV acetaminophen as an adjuvant to IV opioids for tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy in children aged”
“Objectives. AC220 molecular weight The purpose of this study was to develop a simple screening technique for estimation of salivary flow and to test the usefulness of the method for determining decreased salivary flow.

Study design. A novel assay system comprising 3 spots containing 30 mu g starch and 49.6 mu g potassium iodide per spot on filter paper and a coloring reagent, based on the color reaction of iodine-starch

and theory of paper chromatography, was designed. We investigated the relationship between resting whole salivary rates and the number of colored spots on the filter produced by 41 hospitalized subjects.

Results. A significant negative correlation was observed between the number of colored spots and the resting salivary flow rate (n = 41; r = -0.803; P < .01). For all complaints of decreased salivary flow (n = 9) having cutoff values <100 mu L/min for the salivary flow rate, 3 colored spots appeared on the paper, whereas for healthy subjects there was <= 1 colored spot.

Conclusion. This novel assay system might

be effective for estimation of salivary flow not only in healthy but also in bedridden and disabled elderly people. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009; 108: 389-393)”
“A new family of biodegradable amino-acid-based click here poly(ester amide)s (AA-PEAs) and amino-acid-based poly(ether ester amide)s (AA-PEEAs) consisting of reactive pendant functional groups (-COOH or NH(2)) were synthesized from unsaturated AA-PEAs and AA-PEEAs via a thiol-ene reaction in the presence of a radical initiator (2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile). The synthetic method was a one-step reaction with near 100% yields under mild reaction conditions. The resulting functional AA-PEA and AA-PEEA polymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, NMR, and differential scanning calorimetry.

One hundred and fifty pregnant women after 37 weeks gestation were included in this study for induction of labor and divided into two groups according to presence or absence of PROM. Results In this study, the sensitivity and specificity (97.3% and 98.7%) of PAMG-1 to diagnose PROM were statistically insignificant compared with the sensitivity and specificity (89.3% and 82.7%) of IGFBP-1. The PPV and NPV (98.6% and 97.4%) of

PAMG-1 were also statistically insignificant compared with the PPV and NPV (83.8% and 88.6%) of IGFBP-1. Also, the accuracy (98%) of PAMG-1 was statistically insignificant compared with the accuracy (86%) of IGFBP-1 (0.05). Conclusion Although AmniSure test seems to be the most accurate test to diagnose rupture of the fetal membranes with high sensitivity and specificity, in this study the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of AmniSure test to diagnose PROM were statistically SC79 ic50 insignificant compared with the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of Actim PROM test.”
“We present a simple method for creating monodisperse emulsions with microfluidic devices. Unlike conventional approaches that require bulky pumps, control computers, and expertise with device physics to operate devices, our method requires only the microfluidic device

and a hand-operated syringe. The fluids needed for the emulsion are loaded into the device inlets, while the syringe is used to create a vacuum at the device outlet; this sucks the fluids through the channels, generating the drops. By controlling the CA3 solubility dmso hydrodynamic resistances of the channels using hydrodynamic resistors and valves, we are able to Gamma-secretase inhibitor control the properties of the drops. This provides a simple and highly portable method for creating monodisperse emulsions. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3567093]“
“Objective. Escherichia coli is the most frequently identified microbiological

agent in childhood urinary tract infections (UTIs). However, the pathogenic role of this organism in young children remains to be clearly elucidated. So far, no studies have been conducted in which multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been applied to determine the association between childhood UTIs and E. coli and urovirulent genes. Material and methods. Altogether, 330 suprapubic urine specimens from febrile young children were cultured. In 33 of the cases, E. coli was identified; among these cases, 18 had a UTI (104-105 cfu/ml), four had a suspected UTI (102-103 cfu/ml) and 11 did not have UTIs (102 cfu/ml). Using multiplex PCR, three uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) genes and two enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) genes were detected. Results. In the UTI-UPEC cases, the kps gene was detected in 18 of 22 cases (82%) and the usp gene in 16 of 22 cases (73%). Among the 18 cases of children with UTIs characterized by 104-105 E.