campestris KC94-17-XCC, X. campestris pv. vesicatoria YK93-4-XCV, X. oryzae pv. oryzae KX019-XCO and X. sp SK12, which were found in the range of 10–14 and 8–12 mm, respectively. The minimum Palbociclib inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of oil and the extracts were ranged from 125–250 and 125 500 μg/ml and 250–1000 and 250–2000 μg/ml, respectively. Also the oil had strong detrimental effect on the viable count of the tested

bacteria. Further, the oil displayed remarkable in vivo antibacterial effect up to 65 to 100% disease suppression efficacy against the tested strains of Xanthomonas spp. on greenhouse-grown oriental melon plants (Cucumis melo L. var. makuwa). These results suggest that the oil and extracts of M. glyptostroboides could be potential source of natural antibacterials for applying in food and agriculture industries this website to control plant bacterial diseases caused by Xanthomonas spp. “
“Transmission of Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) by the fungal vector Olpidium virulentus was studied in two experiments. Two characterized cultures of the fungus were used as stock cultures for the assay: culture A was from lettuce roots collected in Castellón (Spain), and culture B was from tomato roots collected in Murcia (Spain). These fungal cultures were maintained in their original host and irrigated with sterile water. The drainage water collected

from irrigating these stock cultures was used for watering PepMV-infected and non-infected tomato plants to constitute the acquisition–source plants of the assay, which were divided into six different plots: plants containing fungal culture A (non-infected and

PepMV-infected); plants containing fungal culture B (non-infected and PepMV-infected); PepMV-infected plants without the fungus; and plants non-infected either with PepMV and the fungus. Thirty-six healthy plants grouped into six plots, which constituted the virus acquisition–transmission plants of the assay, were irrigated with different drainage waters obtained by watering the different plots of the acquisition–source plants. PepMV was only transmitted buy Temsirolimus to plants irrigated with the drainage water collected from PepMV-infected plants whose roots contained the fungal culture B from tomato with a transmission rate of 8%. No infection was detected in plants irrigated with the drainage water collected from plots with only a fungus or virus infection. Both the virus and fungus were detected in water samples collected from the drainage water of the acquisition–source plants of the assay. These transmission assays demonstrated the possibility of PepMV transmission by O. virulentus collected from tomato crops. “
“Red rot, caused by Colletotrichum falcatum, is the most significant problem of sugarcane worldwide. Pathological studies and three different marker systems were used to characterize 25 C.

“
“A 66-year old man presented with several months of weight loss. He denied any abdominal pain or change in bowel habits. On physical examination he was not clinically anaemic or jaundiced. He did exhibit multiple distinctive skin lesions (Figure 1A). Imaging of the chest and abdomen showed no obvious abnormalities. He underwent an upper and lower endoscopy to exclude an underlying BMS-777607 gastrointestinal malignancy. A 1.5–2cm tumour was noted in the duodenum several centimetres distal to the ampulla of Vater (Figure 1B). Attempt at endoscopic

excision failed. Biopsy of the lesion was however diagnostic. The patient had an uncomplicated local duodenal resection. He was tumour free at 12 months follow-up. Numerous neurofibromas were noted on the patient’s trunk and abdomen. A café au-lait spot, was also seen. The findings are suggestive of neurofibromatosis-type 1 (NF1). Also known as von Recklighausen’s disease, the condition is named after Freidrich von Recklinghausen who first recognized the tumours that characterize the

disease in 1882. This is an autosomal dominant condition with an incidence of 1 in 3000 births. The condition shows near 100% penetrance but has variable expression. The genetic linkage has been localised to chromosome 17 (17q11.2 locus) coding for the protein, neurofibromin, www.selleckchem.com/products/LBH-589.html which has a tumour suppressor function. The periampullary lesion in the duodenum was typical of a carcinoid tumour. (Figure 2A) Less commonly, a neurofibroma may occur in the periampullary region in patients with NF1. Carcinoid tumours of the ampulla and periampullary region are more common in patients with NF1. The majority of these tumours are clinically non-functional, despite increased somatostatin production being frequently noted in tumours of patients with NF1. In addition Olopatadine to neurofibromas that are typical of NF1, phaeochromytoma can occur in up to 5% of patients. Malignant

gliomas are found in approximately 2% of cases and small intestinal gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) in about 7% of these patients, but rarely in a periampullary location. In children, there is an association of juvenile chronic myeloid leukaemia with NF1. Microscopically in well differentiated tumours, there is a proliferation of uniform, small, bland polygonal cells with finely clumped chromatin. The cells are arranged in a variety of architectural patterns, including insular, trabecular and acinar. The diagnosis is confirmed by immunohistochemically, as they stain positively for synaptophysin and chromogranin. (Figure 2B–D). In cases of well differentiated tumours, even with distant spread, 5-year survival of over 50% is reported. Contributed by “
“A 62-year-old man was admitted because of recurrent abdominal pain. He had been taking ibuprofen 400 mg/day for 3 years because of headache. Laboratory findings showed no abnormalities. H.

Because of the disadvantages of liver biopsy, many studies related to non-invasive check details biomarkers and scores have been performed. In this study, we aimed to assess the diagnostic value of serum direct

markers and non-invasive fibrosis models to predict liver fibrosis in the treatment-naive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients and to compare their diagnostic performance. Methods:  This study included 58 patients with a diagnosis of CHB virus infection and 30 healthy controls. Hyaluronic acid, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 and amino-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; and the Original European Liver Fibrosis panel, the Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) panel, PP score, aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI) and FIB-4 indexes were calculated using the formulas taken from previous publications. Fibrosis stage was determined using Ishak’s scoring system. Results:  The fibrosis stages identified upon liver biopsy was F0 in 12 patients Belnacasan nmr (20.7%), F1–2 in 36 (62.1%) and F3–5 in 10 (17.2%). The diagnostic value of all the non-invasive indices was low to detect mild fibrosis. We demonstrated that the diagnostic accuracy of HA is the best for predicting fibrosis of F3 or more

(area under the receiver–operator curve, 0.902). In our study, the results from a combination of tests showed that ELF and APRI had the highest diagnostic value sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100% and negative predictive value of 96.4% for detection of fibrosis of F3 or more. Conclusion:  In CHB patients, combination of ELF and APRI has a better diagnostic value in predicting fibrosis of F3 or more. “
“Since

the initial description of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), several sets of pathologic criteria for its diagnosis have been proposed. However, their interprotocol agreement and ability to predict long-term liver-related mortality (LRM) have not been demonstrated. In this study, we examined patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic Fossariinae fatty liver disease (NAFLD) for whom liver biopsy slides and clinical and mortality data were available. Liver biopsy samples were evaluated for a number of pathologic features and were classified according to the presence or absence of NASH by (1) the original criteria for NAFLD subtypes, (2) the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (NAS), (3) the Brunt criteria, and (4) the current study’s criteria. All NASH diagnostic criteria and individual pathologic features were tested for agreement and for their independent associations with LRM, which were determined with a Cox proportional hazards model. Two hundred fifty-seven NAFLD patients with complete data were included. The diagnoses of NASH by the original NAFLD subtypes and by the current study’s definition of NASH were in almost perfect agreement (κ = 0.896).

44–46 In the present study, the age BI6727 difference between patients with BPU and uPUD, or symptomatic and asymptomatic PUD was only 10 years. Thus it is unlikely that age is a major determinant of differences in symptom status in our patients. Male gender may also be associated with asymptomatic PUD. In the present study, men formed the majority of asymptomatic patients and were significantly less common in the symptomatic group. Whilst ulcer size has been reported to be a determinant of symptoms,13,16 we did not detect an effect of either ulcer size or location on symptoms after a meal challenge in this study. The study also shows that patients with uncomplicated or

symptomatic ulcers reported significantly higher scores for anxiety but not depression than patients with BPU and HC. Psychological factors, especially anxiety, are associated with gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders47 and in the general population.48 It has also been shown that click here self-reported PUD, presumably due to symptomatic ulcers, is associated with a generalized anxiety disorder.49 Gastric sensorimotor function can be altered by experimentally-induced anxiety in healthy subjects, which suggested that psychological factors may play a role in dyspeptic symptoms even though those subjects did not

have psychological disorders.50 Such observations may explain why patients with dyspeptic symptoms reported anxiety scores higher than asymptomatic peptic ulcer patients. However, the mechanism of the association between psychological factors and dyspeptic symptoms remains unclear. This

study has some unavoidable limitations. First, we were not able to assess visceral sensation in patients with asymptomatic uPUD as these patients do not seek any medical attention and the ulcers are found only serendipitously or when complications occur. Second it might be argued that the size of ulcers in the uPUD group was relatively small and, in some cases, were over-diagnosed erosions. However, we set criteria based on those previously published and accepted20,21 and all, in contrast to erosions, had depth. The small size of the ulcers in some patients can be explained by the use of NADPH-cytochrome-c2 reductase PPI therapy before the endoscopy. Third, the questionnaires were completed 8 weeks after the diagnosis. However, it appeared problematic to assess the dyspeptic symptoms immediately after the ulcer presentation with, in some cases, very life-threatening manifestations. Nevertheless, the BDQ addressed the patients’ symptoms over the previous 12 months, which included the period before PUD was diagnosed. The findings of this study have implications for our understanding and management of PUD. Normally, visceral pain is one of the reasons patients seek medical attention.

Another RCT by Laine et al.11 comparing CE and radiology in OGIB revealed that PLX3397 cell line the significant improvement in the diagnostic yield of CE might not translate into improved outcomes. They proposed that the natural course of OGIB patients was a reason for the unexpected result; that is, most OGIB patients recover well, regardless of whether a source of bleeding is identified by CE or not. Another surprising result was that the rebleeding

rate of negative CE patients was not as low as initially expected. CE is known as a good screening test for OGIB because it shows a high negative predictive value(80–100%),12 which means that the rebleeding rate in negative CE is low at 6–11%.13 However, one study reported that the rebleeding rate of patients with negative CE was 36% during a 32-month, follow-up period,14 and another study reported a rebleeding rate of 23% with negative CE at 16 months’ follow up.15 In order to understand the significance of these unexpected results, which differ from those of previous studies, further evaluation is required with evidence-based, long-term, follow-up data. In summary, which is better to identify the cause of OGIB:

CE or DBE? Everybody wants to know www.selleckchem.com/products/E7080.html the answer to this. However, when we consider the characteristics of both examinations, clinical factors, such as the patient’s status and long-term outcome, the diagnostic yield itself would not be the significant answer for the question. At this point, CE-guided DBE is the recommended approach

for OGIB patients. In the future, the role of endoscopy in OGIB will evolve according to the data on clinical outcome, natural course of OGIB, and technological developments. “
“Background and Aim:  Inositol monophosphatase 1 In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ongoing gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms consistent with coexistent functional GI disorders (FGID) might occur. It is uncertain what effect these symptoms have on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and psychological comorbidity. The aim of the present study was to identify interrelationships among IBD, symptoms consistent with FGID, HRQoL, and psychological comorbidity. Methods:  A total of 256 consecutive IBD patients had diagnoses and disease activity verified at case-note review. Patients completed a contemporaneous survey assessing HRQoL, anxiety/depression, and GI symptoms (classified by Rome III criteria). Results:  Of 162 respondents (response rate: 63%), 95 (58.6%) had Crohn’s disease and 63 (38.8%) had ulcerative colitis. By Rome III criteria, 66% met criteria for at least one FGID. Those with significant (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale ≥ 8) anxiety and/or depression were more likely to meet criteria for coexistent FGID (78% vs 22% and 89% vs 11%, respectively; each P < 0.001).

In most observational studies patients who underwent simultaneous hepatectomy or delayed hepatectomy was decided by the surgeon, and the allocation was based on surgeon preferences according to intraoperative findings and their own experience, which tended to increase the risk of bias for the results. In addition, universal definitions Gefitinib in vitro of postoperative complications were not available among the included studies. It is common sense that the best method to establish the selection criteria would be based on the individual patient data analysis (IPD meta-analysis); however, this is not

always available, and the diverse reporting forms from the included studies could reduce the reliability of the conclusion. In summary, this systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted at an appropriate time because enough data has accumulated for inspection by meta-analytical

methods when a simultaneous resection strategy for SCRLM patients is used more commonly. From the present pooled estimates, simultaneous resection is as efficient as a delayed procedure for long-term survival. There is evidence implying that in selected SCRLM patients less than 70 years old, without severe coexistent disease and undergoing colectomy combined with minor liver resection, simultaneous resection is a safe procedure. Future RCTs are awaited to confirm this conclusion. The authors thank Prof. Yuan-Tao Hao, Department of Medical Statistics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, PI3K Inhibitor Library manufacturer China, for statistical advice; Yan Jia, Medical Library of North Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China, for literature search. Author Contributions: Z.Y., C.L., Y.C., Y.B., and C.S.: data collection and elaboration, statistical analysis; Z.Y., C.L., Y.C., and R.Y.: writing of the article; D.Y. and J.W.: supervision of the study. Additional

Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article. “
“Increased basal release of nitric oxide (NO) in the splanchnic circulation contributes to elevated plasma levels of NO observed in decompensated cirrhosis. We evaluated in rat mesenteric arteries whether the differences in basal release of NO, revealed by asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA)- and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced contractions, were associated with changes in messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolases Dichloromethane dehalogenase (DDAHs). Rat small mesenteric arteries from 14 Sham-control, from 14 with partial portal vein ligation (PPVL), and from 14 with bile duct excision (BDE)-induced cirrhosis were precontracted under isometric conditions with norepinephrine, and additional contractions were induced with ADMA and L-NAME. mRNA expression of eNOS, DDAH-1, and DDAH-2 in mesenteric arteries were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. ADMA and L-NAME caused concentration- and endothelium-dependent contractions. pD2 values to L-NAME were similar in all groups.

Current smokers were defined as those who had smoked at least one cigarette per day during the previous year. Physical activity

was measured (as hours of exercise per week) by self report using the questionnaire. Laboratory evaluations included aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), total serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, fasting glucose, serum creatinine, C-reactive protein, hepatitis B surface antigen, and an antibody to hepatitis C virus. Venous blood samples were taken from all subjects before 10 AM after a 12-hour overnight fast. All laboratory determinations were performed using standard laboratory methods. We calculated the estimated glomerular filtration rate according to the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation as follows: glomerular click here filtration rate (mL/minute/1.73 m2) = 186 × serum creatinine−1.154 Fulvestrant cell line × age−0.203 × 0.742 (if female) × 1.210 (if African American).21 Systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg and/or previous use of antihypertensive medication were used to define hypertension. Subjects with fasting plasma glucose levels ≥126 mg/dL and/or treatment with a hypoglycemic agent or insulin were defined as having diabetes mellitus.

We divided participants with ultrasonography diagnosed NAFLD depending on the status of ALT (elevated ALT was defined as ALT > 30 U/L for men and > 19 U/L for women).22 Hepatic ultrasonography was performed by experienced radiologists who Anacetrapib were blinded to the laboratory and clinical details of the subjects at the time of the procedure. Hepatic ultrasonography (Acuson Sequoia 512; Siemens, Mountain View,

CA) was used to diagnose fatty liver. The diagnosis of fatty liver was made on the basis of characteristic ultrasonographic features consistent with “bright liver” and evident contrast between hepatic and renal parenchyma, vessel blurring, focal sparing, and narrowing of the lumen of the hepatic veins.23-25 A CT scan of the coronary artery was performed using a 16-slice multidetector CT system (Somatom Sensation 16; Siemens Medical Solutions, Forchheim, Germany) at SNUH-HCS and a 64-channel multidetector CT system (Brilliance 64; Philips Medical Systems, Best, Netherlands) at SNUBH-HPC. CAC scans were acquired using the standard procedure of prospective electrocardiography-triggered scan acquisition with a tube voltage of 120 kV and 110 effective mA with a 200-mm field of view.26 The data were reconstructed to a 3-mm-thick slice with a 400-ms acquisition window. The CAC score was calculated using a CT software program (Rapidia 2.8; INFINITT, Seoul, Korea) with the Agatston method.27 We used a previously described method for VAT area measurement in cross-sectional CT images.

Defining chronic migraine (CM) based on 15 or more headache days

per month is problematic because headache frequency varies from month to month. We propose methods of defining CM as a trait and not as a state of headache frequency. Our notions of progression and remission, defined by the crossing of an arbitrary frequency boundary, are also problematic; we propose alternative approaches. Measuring headache frequency is challenging because of measurement error, temporal sampling error, and real change over time. We suggest alternative approaches for defining migraine subtypes, measuring change in frequency, defining progression and remission, and modeling change over time. Our suggestions are intended to encourage dialogue and need refinement and evaluation. Our long-term goal is to improve classification and measurement to facilitate PARP cancer the discovery of risk factors, genes, and other biological processes that determine

the onset and course of migraine. “
“(Headache 2010;50:357-373) Objective.— To describe the pharmacokinetic and safety profiles of sumatriptan 85 mg formulated with RT Technology (RT) and naproxen sodium 500 mg in a fixed-dose combination tablet (sumatriptan/naproxen sodium) that targets both serotonergic dysmodulation and inflammation in migraine. Methods.— Six open-label, crossover studies were conducted Olaparib in healthy volunteers (Studies 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) or patients with migraine (Study 6). Results.— Consistently across studies, naproxen administered as a component of sumatriptan/naproxen sodium demonstrated a delayed-release profile Quinapyramine similar to that of an enteric-coated product. Naproxen from the combination tablet showed a delayed time to peak plasma concentration and lower peak plasma concentration while exposures (area under the plasma concentration–time curve) were similar. The peak plasma concentration for naproxen was approximately 36% lower

and the time to peak plasma concentration approximately 4 hours later when naproxen was administered as sumatriptan/naproxen sodium compared with a single naproxen sodium 550 mg tablet. Sumatriptan peak plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration–time curve after administration of sumatriptan/naproxen sodium (containing sumatriptan 85 mg) were comparable to those after administration of a commercially available sumatriptan 100 mg (RT) tablet. Sumatriptan time to peak plasma concentration occurred, on average, 30 minutes earlier with sumatriptan/naproxen sodium compared with sumatriptan 100 mg (RT). No clinically significant differences between sumatriptan/naproxen sodium and sumatriptan tablets 100 mg (RT) were identified with respect to electrocardiograms, blood pressure, or heart rate.

Chronic infection by HCV is associated with hepatic oxidative stress. As already published, FL-N/35 mouse livers display high levels of Reactive Oxygen BAY 80-6946 manufacturer Species (ROS) that are correlated with the age of the animals. This oxidative stress could trigger DNA damage responsible for cell cycle perturbations and HCC. It has been established that the ATM pathway is activated by DNA double-strand

breaks and leads to cell cycle arrest. We observed that Chk2 and p53 phosphorylation (Chk2Thr68 and p53Ser15) and p21waf1/cip1 expression, three actors of the ATM pathway, were significantly higher in FL-N/35 mice than in wt mice at G1/S transition. Interestingly, these activations were also present in untreated transgenic mice, indicating that such cell cycle brakes are present independently of the acute liver injury. Altogether, these results suggest that HCV-induced DNA-damage might impair hepatocyte cell cycle G1/S transition via, at least in part, the activation of the ATM pathway. Conclusions: The expression of HCV proteins in the liver of HCV mice, in the absence of local inflammation or immune PLX4032 cell line response, induces inhibition of the G1/S transition which could result from HCV-induced DNA damage/ATM pathway activation. This perturbation is a

potential hepatocarcinogenic trigger. Disclosures: Jean-Michel Pawlotsky – Consulting: Abbott, Achillion, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Idenix, Gilead, Janssen, Madaus-Rottapharm, Merck, Novartis, Roche; Grant/Research Support: Gilead; Speaking and Teaching: Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead, Madaus-Rottapharm, Merck, Janssen-Cilag, Novartis, Abbott The following

people have nothing to disclose: Alexandre Florimond, buy Rucaparib Philippe Chouteau, Aurore Gaudin, Herve Lerat Introduction: Recent data suggest that Kupffer cells control, rather than worsen liver inflammation in animal models for viral hepatitis. In the LCMV mouse model, we have shown that short term infection leads to a decrease in Kupffer cells (KC) and a simultaneous influx of TNF-producing inflammatory monocytes (IM) in the liver. Methods: We examined the characteristics of KC and IM during chronic Clone 13 LCMV infection in C57BL/6 mice by flowcytometry. Mice (n=4–6) were sacrificed 4, 8, 15, 22, 25, 30 and 39 days post infection (dpi). In a second group of uninfected C57BL/6 mice, sterile hepatitis was induced by thrice weekly intraperitoneal injections with 4 μg of the TLR7 ligand R848. Untreated healthy C57BL/6 mice were used as controls. KC and IM are identified as CD45+F4/80highCD11b+ and CD45+F4/80lowCD1 1 bhighLy6Chigh cells, respectively. Serum ALT levels were measured by ELISA. LCMV infection was confirmed with serum LCMV qPCR and plaque assay on liver homogenates. Results: LCMV infection induces a hepatitis flare from 8dpi until 22dpi with transient cachexia and moderate discomfort signs.

, 2009), a detailed interspecific study found no evidence for a similar effect between species (Nicholson et al., 2007). Another problem with Acalabrutinib particular relevance to the present discussion is that multiple contemporaneous, closely related species with overlapping geographic ranges is consistent with traits evolving under sexual selection as well as species recognition

(i.e. multiple, co-existing taxa within a clade spawning new forms distinguished primarily on the basis of sexually selected mating signals). More problematic still is the fact that the dinosaur fossil record does not support the second prediction of Padian & Horner. They cite several examples of multiple, contemporaneous,

closely related dinosaur species bearing bizarre structures (2010: table 2). Yet most of these examples span millions of years and a range of environments, bringing into question whether or not the animals within a given clade actually co-existed in the same habitats. Of the examples given, by far the best documented – stratigraphically and paleontologically – is the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) Dinosaur Provincial Park in Alberta, Canada, for which the authors cite the occurrence of 10 hadrosaur species, four pachycephalosaur species and at least 10 ceratopsid species. Yet a recent review of Dinosaur Park Formation ornithischians Selleck RG 7204 (Ryan & Evans, 2005) concluded that many dinosaur taxa had relatively short species durations (<1 million years), and that the dinosaurs may be divided into successive faunal communities characterized

by one or two species each of hadrosaurines, lambeosaurines, centrosaurines and chasmosaurines (the single exception is a time slice that may record three co-occuring lambeosaurines). This conclusion appears to apply to all reasonably well-sampled formations from the Campanian Western Interior Basin of North America (Gates et al., 2010; Sampson & Loewen, 2010), arguably the best sampled continent-scale ‘slice’ of time and geography known for the entire Mesozoic. To highlight a single example from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Ryan & Evans, 2005), it seems difficult to maintain that the centrosaurine ceratopsid Centrosaurus apertus evolved its Edoxaban highly derived horn and frill morphologies in order to distinguish conspecifics from individuals of its contemporary, the chasmosaurine Chasmosaurus russelli, with which it last shared a common ancestor more than 5 million years prior. Depending on the primary mode of macroevolutionary change (cladogenetic vs. anagenetic), it is certainly conceivable, perhaps even likely, that sister taxa within these clades (e.g. C. apertus and Styracosaurus albertensis within centrosaurine ceratopsids) lived briefly side-by-side in ecological time.