Table 1 shows a summary of these values calculated for the cases of 150 MHz and 13.56 MHz. Table 1 Effective resistances and inductances of the Al electrode element[6]   150 MHz 13.56 MHz R (ohm/m) 0.843 0.253 L (H/m) 1.26

× 10−7 1.26 × 10−7 The element width is 0.01 m. Plasma conductance G p and capacitance C p In the case of atmospheric-pressure plasma, since the gap between the electrodes is usually Selleck Salubrinal too narrow (≤1 mm) to perform Langmuir probe analysis, we performed plasma impedance analysis in our previous study [7]. A combination of the measurement of the current and voltage waveforms outside of the apparatus and calculation using the electrically equivalent circuit model enabled us to derive the impedance Z p of the plasma-filled capacitor. Figure 2 shows the measured impedance of atmospheric-pressure helium plasma (real (Figure 2a) and imaginary (Figure 2b) parts of Z p) as a function of applied power density, for 150 MHz and 13.56 MHz excitations using a metal electrode with a diameter of 10 mm and a gap of 1 mm. As shown in Figure 2, the

plasma impedance Z p changes depending on the applied power; this is known as a nonlinear characteristic of the plasma. However, it is also shown that the impedance becomes constant (the system is linear) in a considerably wide power range when sufficiently high power is applied to the plasma. Although taking the nonlinear characteristic of plasma into account will give more exact results, we consider that it is still meaningful to calculate the voltage distribution on the assumption that the plasma impedance 5-Fluoracil clinical trial is constant, since plasma equipment is often used in such a saturated area. Figure 2 Real (a) and imaginary (b) parts of plasma impedance vs. applied power density. Electrode diameter, 1 cm; electrode gap, 1 mm. The plasma conductance G p and the susceptance B p per unit length of element width are calculated from a given plasma impedance Z p

(Z p = R p’ − X p j) using (5) (6) Then the plasma (parallel) capacitance C p per unit Epothilone B (EPO906, Patupilone) length of element width at a particular frequency ω (shown in Figure 3) can be calculated from plasma susceptance B p, as (7) Figure 3 Conversion of plasma impedance (left) to admittance (right). Wavelength and phase velocity in the electrodes The propagation constant γ ≡ α + βj of the solution of Equation 1 is (8) Its real part α (attenuation coefficient) and imaginary part β (phase propagation constant) are described as (9) and (10) The phase velocity v of the electromagnetic wave propagating in the system described by Equation 1 is (11) The wavelength λ is calculated using (12) From these equations, it is clear that the wavelength on the electrode is governed not only by the electrode configuration but also the impedance of plasma. Both the attenuation coefficient α and the wavelength λ greatly affect how a standing wave is formed on the electrode. Results and discussion Equation 1 can be numerically solved by a finite differential method.

An interesting finding of our study was that, in the heart, SOD activity was reduced in the sedentary group that was supplemented with creatine, in comparison to both the control group and the RT creatine supplemented group. This was in accordance with Siu and colleagues [38], where low intensity exercise (walking) for 8 and 20 weeks was not able to increase SOD activity in the heart of rats. Resistance exercise is characterized by a pressure overload in the

heart during its execution, causing an increase in cardiac muscle mass [39]. This suggests that, in part, the RT-Cr group increased SOD activity as an adaptive response to a higher formation of anion superoxide in this tissue under physical training conditions, and that the increased production of this ROS occurs through the xanthine oxidase

pathway [40, 41]. Creatine supplementation may have exerted a synergistic effect with RT Mizoribine clinical trial in relation to SOD activity modulation in the heart. In chronic-progressive stress conditions, and in RT, supplementation appears to exert a synergistic effect with regard to adaptation to RT with creatine supplementation, involving the cellular signaling enzymatic adaptation of SOD in cardiac tissue. This mechanism occurs via activation of the NAD(P)H oxidase system that, through vasoactive (angiotensin II) and inflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-α), modulates the selleck chemical expression of antioxidant enzymes in a short period [42, 43]. CAT activity in cardiac

tissue seems to be modulated by the interaction of creatine supplementation with RT, as observed by McClung and colleagues [44], who evaluated the effect of the association of creatine with high intensity Bay 11-7085 exercise on cardiac function in rats and found that this interaction was able to up-regulate the cardiac functional capacity. These results indicate a possible direct or indirect enzymatic modulation of creatine in synergism with training. As creatine is not synthesized exclusively in the kidney and in the pancreas, but at higher proportions in the liver, and is then mainly transported to the skeletal muscle, we investigated the liver with the aim of developing a hypothesis about the redox state of this organ in the presence of supplementation, either associated or not with resistance training. Our results are different to those found by Radak and colleagues [45], who reported an attenuation of lipoperoxidation levels in the animals submitted to treadmill running training which was adapted for rats. The difference in training protocols, age and animal species may have directly influenced the difference between the results obtained and those of our study. Studies that have evaluated the effect of creatine supplementation on oxidative stress in different structures are very limited.

Nanoscale 2011, 3:3132–3137.CrossRef 18. Pham HD, Pham VH, Cuong TV, Nguyen-Phan selleck kinase inhibitor T-D, Chung JS, Shin EW, Kim S: Synthesis of

the chemically converted graphene xerogel with superior electrical conductivity. Chem Commun 2011, 47:9672–9674.CrossRef 19. Wang J, Shi Z, Fan J, Ge Y, Yin J, Hu G: Self-assembly of graphene into three-dimensional structures promoted by natural phenolic acids. J Mater Chem 2012, 22:22459–22466.CrossRef 20. Zhang X, Sui Z, Xu B, Yue S, Luo Y, Zhan W, Liu B: Mechanically strong and highly conductive graphene aerogel and its use as electrodes for electrochemical power sources. J Mater Chem 2011, 21:6494–6497.CrossRef 21. Wu X, Zhou J, Xing W, Wang G, Cui H, Zhuo S, Xue Q, Yan Z, Qiao SZ: High-rate capacitive performance of graphene aerogel with a superhigh C/O molar ratio. J Mater Chem 2012, 22:23186–23193.CrossRef Selleckchem GSK2126458 22. Worsley MA, Kucheyev SO, Mason HE, Merrill MD, Mayer BP, Lewicki J, Valdez CA, Suss ME, Stadermann M, Pauzauskie PJ, Satcher JH Jr, Biener J, Baumann TF: Mechanically robust 3D graphene macroassembly with high surface area. Chem Commun 2012, 48:8428–8430.CrossRef 23. Worsley MA, Pauzauskie PJ, Olson TY, Biener J, Satcher JH, Baumann TF: Synthesis of graphene aerogel with high electrical conductivity. J Am Chem Soc 2010, 132:14067–14069.CrossRef 24. Worsley MA, Olson TY, Lee JRI, Willey TM, Nielsen MH, Roberts SK, Pauzauskie PJ, Biener J, Satcher JH, Baumann

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interrogans  . Nonulosonic acids are elaborated on Leptospira surface lipoproteins Finally, efforts were made to identify the type of molecule(s) modified with sialic acids in L. interrogans strain L1-130. Immobilized sialic acid-binding lectins selleck products from Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) and Maackia amurensis lectin (MAL), which recognize sialic acids in α2-6 and α2-3-linked sialic acids respectively, were used to affinity purify sialic acid-modified molecules in lysates of the L1-130 strain. Wheat germ agglutinin

(WGA) also recognizes sialic acids, but is less specific, and also recognizes N-acetylglucosamine residues. As a control, buffers used in the solid phase assay were analyzed in parallel CYT387 research buy lanes of the gel, revealing that the faint bands present at ~60 kDa were part of the supplied buffers and not specific for sialylated

L. interrogans molecules. Silver staining after SDS-Page gel electrophoresis of the eluted material from the affinity columns shows clear bands at ~21 kDa and ~25 kDa that are present at similar intensities in the MAL and SNA lanes (Figure 8A). Other bands appear to be enriched by affinity purification using one or the other lectin. For example, a faint band at ~43 kDa is apparent in the material isolated by MAL, but not by SNA. Alternatively, bands at ~15, ~37, and ~41 kDa are much stronger in the SNA-purified sample. These finding suggests that L. interrogans may modify surface structures with both α2-3- and α2-6-linked nonulosonic acids (Figure 8A). However, future studies should further investigate the molecule(s) modified by nonulosonic acids in leptospires, as well as their exact context and importance. Figure 8 Proteomic analysis suggests nonulosonic acids are present on surface lipoproteins

in  L. interrogans  L1-130 A. Silver-stained PAGE gel of affinity purified sialylated molecules from L. interrogans lysate using spin-columns with immobilized sialic acid-binding lectins WGA, ifenprodil MAL, or SNA. B. Results of proteomic analysis to identify proteins purified in A. The affinity-purified material was subjected to DMB-derivatization and HPLC analysis, which showed the Neu5Ac peak, but not the Kdo peak (data not shown), strongly suggesting that this material was free of LPS-components. This does not rule-out that LPS may be modified with NulOs, just that LPS was not present in this affinity-purified preparation. We performed mass spectrometry to identify protein components in the affinity-purified material. Three proteins were identified by mass spectrometry (Figure 8B): Loa22, LipL32, and LipL41, all of which have been described in previous publications as surface-exposed lipid-linked outer membrane proteins of L. interrogans[23–27]. Indeed, Loa22 and LipL31 are among the most abundant proteins expressed on the Leptospira cell surface [28].

Results The conserved domains of CaNik1p were essential for the susceptibility of S. cerevisiae transformants to antifungals After alignment with other HKs, in CaNik1p histidine 510 and aspartate 924 were identified as the essential residues for the HisKA and the

REC domains respectively [17] and asparagine 627 for the N-box of the ATP-binding domain. Hence, to inhibit the conserved phosphorylation reactions within CaNik1p, mutant genes were generated, in which either Asn627 from the HATPase_c domain was substituted by aspartate (N627D), His510 by glutamine (H510Q) or Asp924 by asparagine (D924N). S. cerevisiae was transformed with the plasmids carrying the mutated CaNIK1 genes, and the resultant transformants were treated with the antifungals fludioxonil, Pitavastatin mouse iprodione

and ambruticin VS3. As shown in Figure 2, the strain LCZ696 ic50 YES transformed with the empty vector was resistant to all fungicides, while the strain NIK was susceptible to the studied antifungals. The H510Q and D924N point mutations in the HisKA and REC domains respectively, led to complete loss of susceptibility, while the N627D substitution in the HATPase_c domain only decreased the susceptibility to the fungicides in comparison to the strain NIK. Figure 2 The conserved domains of CaNik1p were essential for the susceptibility to the fungicides. The phenylpyrrole fludioxonil, the dicarboximide iprodione and the myxobacterial secondary metabolite ambruticin VS3 were used as representative Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase antifungal compounds targeting fungal group III histidine kinases. Error bars represent the standard deviation from three independent experiments. His510 and Asp924 are the conserved phosphate-accepting residues in the HisKA and the REC domains, respectively, which are required for kinase function of hybrid HKs. They are phosphorylated by the histidine kinase activity of the protein (His510) and the subsequent phosphate-transfer to the REC domain within the same protein (Asp924). Loss of fungicide susceptibility of the respective mutants suggested that the functionality

of both the HisKA and the REC domain was essential for the antifungal activity. Probably the N627D mutation did not completely prevent ATP binding to the HATPase_c domain and as a result only a partial effect was obtained. Functional HisKA, HATPase_c and REC domains were essential for the phosphorylation of Hog1p after fludioxonil treatment Treatment with fludioxonil led to phosphorylation of the MAPK Hog1p, i.e. to the activation of the HOG pathway, in S. cerevisiae transformed with full-length and truncated forms of CaNIK1[25]. Therefore, phosphorylation of Hog1p was also analyzed after fludioxonil-treatment of S. cerevisiae transformed with CaNIK1 carrying the H510Q, N627D and D924N point mutations.

In the weekly group, 14.0% of patients had been followed up for less than 3 months, compared to 17.9% in the monthly group. The corresponding proportions of patients followed up for more than 9 months were 38.0% for weekly treatment and 34.0% for monthly treatment. The mean treatment cover of an individual prescription was 69 days in the weekly cohort and 75 days in the monthly cohort, selleck compound with 39.5% and 46.9%, respectively, of prescriptions covering at least 3 months. Adherence to bisphosphonate treatment Survival analysis demonstrated treatment persistence to be significantly longer (p < 0.0001)

in the monthly bisphosphonate cohort than in the weekly bisphosphonate cohort (Fig. 2). Persistence rates at 6 months in the two cohorts were 57.3% and 45.7% and fell to 47.5% and 30.4%, respectively, at 12 months. After propensity score adjustment, women in the monthly group were 37% more likely to persist

than those in the weekly group (Table 2). Fig. 2 Kaplan–Meier analysis of treatment discontinuation with bisphosphonate. Thick line monthly ibandronate cohort, thin line weekly bisphosphonates. A permissible gap of 45 days for monthly ibandronate Akt inhibitor and 30 days for weekly bisphosphonates was allowed in this analysis Table 2 Median persistence duration and associated hazard ratios with bisphosphonate treatments for the base case analysis and for different definitions of the permissible gap Persistence models Median persistence duration (days) Hazard ratios (95%CI) Monthly ibandronate (N = 1,001) Weekly BP (N = 1,989) Unadjusted Adjusteda Base case 265 169 0.63* (0.56–0.71) 0.63* (0.56–0.72)  Monthly regimen: PG = 45 days  Weekly regimen: PG = 30 days Sensitivity analyses          Both PG of 30 days 184 169 0.76* (0.68–0.85) 0.77* (0.69–0.86)  Both PG of 45 days 265 211 0.77* (0.68–0.87) 0.78* (0.69–0.89) Megestrol Acetate PG permissible gap *p < 0.0001 aCox proportional hazard model adjusted by propensity score Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the impact of the attributed PG on the persistence rates obtained. If an

identical PG was allowed for both treatment regimens, the difference in persistence at 1 year was reduced but remained significantly higher (p < 0.0001) for the monthly regimen. If a PG of 30 days was allowed, persistence rates over 12 months were 38.0% for the monthly regimen and 30.4% for the weekly regimen (adjusted HR = 0.77, 95%CI = 0.69–0.86, p < 0.0001). If 45 days were allowed for both regimens, the rates were 47.5% and 40.5%, respectively (adjusted HR = 0.78, 95%CI = 0.69–0.89, p < 0.0001). Of the non-persistent patients, certain women discontinued treatment definitively whilst others resumed their treatment at a later date following a ‘drug holiday’. In the base case scenario, 29.8% [95%CI = 25.5% to 34.1%] of non-persistent women in the monthly ibandronate cohort (13.

pneumoniae. Our data support theoretical predictions that

the existence of barriers to recombination allow the accumulation of significant genetic drift, even within highly recombinogenic bacterial Selleck Androgen Receptor Antagonist species. An understanding of these mechanisms and their consequences offer further insights into the evolution of bacterial pathogens and may allow more informed predictions on the consequences of human interventions such as antibiotic use and vaccination on bacterial populations. Addendum in proof We recently became aware of a study (Omar Cornejo, personal communication) that has addressed the same issue discussed here. In contrast to our findings, the authors failed to detect any differentiation between the two pherotype defined populations. Epigenetics inhibitor The reasons behind this discrepancy of results is not clear and further studies are needed to reconcile these apparently contradictory findings. Methods Bacterial strains, growth conditions, PFGE and MLST A collection of 483 invasive pneumococcal isolates recovered during the period of 1999 to 2002 in Portugal were obtained from the Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa collection. The serotype, PFGE type, MLST characterization and antibiotic susceptibility of

these strains were collected from previous studies[25, 30, 54]. Briefly, all S. pneumoniae strains were grown in a casein-based semi-synthetic medium (C+Y) at 37°C without aeration or in tryptic soy agar (TSA) (Oxoid, Hampshire, England) supplemented with 5% (v/v) sterile sheep blood incubated Orotidine 5′-phosphate decarboxylase at 37°C in 5% CO2. Antimicrobial susceptibility, serotyping and PFGE analysis was performed for all isolates. MLST analysis was performed for at least one isolate in each major PFGE cluster (n = 90) and revealed 57 different sequence types (ST) corresponding to 39 different lineages by eBURST analysis. Detection of the pherotype and endonuclease restriction phenotype by PCR CSP-1 and CSP-2 gene fragments were amplified using multiplex PCR with

primers CSP_up (5′-TGA AAA ACA CAG TTA AAT TGG AAC-3′), CSP1_dn (5′-TCA AGA AAG GAT AAA GGT AGT CCT C-3′) and CSP2 _dn (5′-TAA AAA TCT TTC AAT CCC TAT TT-3′), which allowed the amplification of fragments of 620 bp for the CSP-1 allele and 340 bp for the CSP-2 allele. dpnI and dpnII genotype was also detected by multiplex PCR with primers DpnI_up (5′-GAA GTA GGA GAT AAA TTG CCA GAG), DpnII_up (5′-TAC GAA TGA TGG GAA TAC TGT G-3′) and Dpn_dn (5′-TGT CCT CAA TGC CGT ATT AAA TC-3′), with the expected products of 342 bp and 421 bp for dpnI and dpnII, respectively. Template DNA was prepared by diluting 9 μl of an overnight culture in 441 μl of water and boiling this mixture for 2 minutes.

I. & Gaskins, H. R. (2000). Molecular Ecological Analysis of the Succession and Diversity of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in the Mouse Gastrointestinal Tract. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66:2166–2174. Meyer, B. and Kuever, J. (2008). Homology Modeling of Dissimilatory APS Reductases (AprBA) of Sulfur-Oxidizing and Sulfate-Reducing Prokaryotes. PLoS ONE, 3:1–16. Oren, A. (2001). The bioenergetic basis for the decrease in metabolic diversity at increasing salt concentrations:

implications for the functioning of salt lake ecosystems. Hydrobiologia, 466:61–72. buy PLX3397 Ravenschlag, K., Sahm, K., Knoblauch, C., Jørgensen, B.B. and Amann, R. (2000). Community structure, cellular rRNA content, and activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria in marine arctic sediments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66:3592–602. E-mail: lmontoya@cbm.​uam.​es Adaptability of Halotolerant-Bacteria check details to Europa’s Environment Horacio Terrazas1, Sandra I. Ramírez2, Enrique Sánchez3 1Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas; 2Centro de Investigaciones Químicas; 3Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad No. 1001 Col. Chamilpa 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos MEXICO Extremophiles are distinguished

by their capacity to develop basic metabolic activities in environments with physical and chemical harsh conditions where most of the mesophiles organisms cannot survive (Rothschild and Mancinelli, 2001). Halophiles are a particular type of extremophiles Cell Penetrating Peptide capable of living in moderate to high saline concentration values, extremely resistant to microgravity conditions and UV radiation exhibition, able to stay viable for long periods of time within saline crystals and with a highly specialized biochemistry (Oren, 1999). These characteristics have stimulated the study on the viability to use halophiles as models in Astrobiology studies (Dassarma, 2006), particularly for the Europan satellite environment whose main characteristic

is the presence of a deep liquid water ocean rich in salts (NaCl, MgSO4) with tidal forces occurring between the ocean and its thick ice cover (Marion et al. 2003). The objective of this study is to evaluate the capability of halotolerant bacteria to growth on laboratory conditions analogue to those of the Europan ocean surface. We have been conducting experiments design to test the limits for growth of halotolerant bacteria collected from a liquid industrial brine with salt contents of 6–10% (w/v) measured as NaCl. The parameters of interest are the highest limit of salinity, and proton concentration (pH), as well as the lowest temperature limit. After a purification process and a detailed observation of morphological characteristics, the presence of three distinct stocks identified here as T806-1, T806-2, and T806-3 was confirmed. Further biochemical and molecular tests based on 16S rRNA unit allowed a more detailed classification.

​eztaxon-e.​org, contains representative phylotypes of either cultured or uncultured entries in the GenBank public database with complete hierarchical taxonomic classification from phylum to species. Representative phylotypes were designated as tentative species with artificially given specific epithets. For example, the specific epithet

Streptococcus EU453973_s PF-02341066 mouse was given for the GenBank sequence entry EU453973, which plays a role as the type strain of a tentative species belonging to the genus Streptococcus. Similarly, tentative names for taxonomic ranks that were higher than species were also assigned where appropriate. Using this approach, the presence of species that have not yet been described can be compared across multiple bacterial community datasets. Details of the EzTaxon-extended database and software for related bioinformatic analyses will be published elsewhere. Each pyrosequencing read was taxonomically assigned by comparing

it with sequences in the database using a combination of initial BLASTN-based searches and pairwise similarity comparisons as described VRT752271 by Chun et al. [23]. We used the following criteria for taxonomic assignment of each read (x = similarity): species (x ≥ 97%), genus (97 > x ≥ 94%), family (94 > x ≥ 90%), order (90 > x ≥ 85%), class (85 > x ≥ 80%), and phylum (80 > x ≥ 75%). If the similarity was below the cutoff point, the read was assigned to an “”unclassified”" group. Previously published pyrosequencing data for human saliva and plaque bacterial communities [6] were obtained from the public domain and also processed using the same bioinformatic pipeline based on the JAVA programming language. Calculation of species richness and diversity indices The diversity, species richness indices,

and rarefaction curves were calculated using the Ribosomal RNA database project’s pyrosequencing pipeline http://​pyro.​cme.​msu.​edu/​. The cutoff value for assigning a sequence to the same group (phylotype) was equal to or greater than 97% similarity. Statistics The differences between WT and TLR2-deficient mice were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U-test using SAS 9.1.3 software. The statistical significance Immune system was set at p < 0.05. Acknowledgements We thank Prof. Jonathan Adams for critically reviewing the manuscript. This study was supported by grants R13-2008-008-01003-0 from the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation. Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Relative abundance of the major phyla and species/phylotypes identified in human oral bacterial communities. The previously published data of human plaque and saliva were analyzed using a new bioinformatic system for taxonomic assignment. The relative abundance of phyla (A) and top 10 species/phylotypes (B) are shown. (PPT 86 KB) References 1.

In Balb/c SCID mice 4T1-HER2 cells were injected s.c. to initiate tumor growth. 14 days CYT387 solubility dmso later the mice were infected i.v. with 1 × 108 CFU of differently coated Lm-spa+. After 24 h mice were sacrificed and tumors, liver and spleen excised aseptically. Organs were homogenized and plated in serial dilutions. In tumor, liver and spleen no significant differences in the bacterial counts were detected between the uncoated and Trastuzumab coated Lm-spa+. (PDF 18 KB) References 1. Coley WB: The treatment of malignant tumors by repeated inoculations of erysipelas. With a report of ten original cases. Clin Orthop

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