Pettersson score was higher in mono-infected than in the other two groups (P < 0.001) (Fig. 1) and was also found to be higher in all pts treated with secondary prophylaxis than in pts treated on demand, without any difference in the three groups. The F BMD and L BMD were reduced in all three groups (Table 2). There were no statistically significant differences

between the three groups SCH772984 nmr on the measured BMD at the F DXA. The measured BMD values at the L DXA were significantly lower in the co-infected group (all values <−1) than in the other two groups (normal values) (P < 0.05). The b-ALP level was higher in co-infected (P < 0.001) and mono-infected (P < 0.001) than in uninfected pts (Fig. 2). The NTx levels were also higher in co-infected (P < 0.01) and mono-infected (P < 0.02) than in uninfected pts (Fig. 3). To investigate if statistically significant correlations exist between different groups and all the collected data, we performed a multivariate regression analysis. Because the sample size was insufficient to investigate differences in results between the three groups, click here we redefine the group classes by means of the

following binary schemes: Infected/Uninfected HIV positive/HIV negative The results of multivariate binomial regression analysis for the aforementioned groups as dependent variables and clinical, radiological and laboratory data as independent variables are reported in Table 4. Analysis (a) shows that the presence

of viral infection is significantly correlated to an increased b-ALP (P < 0.002) whereas analysis (b) shows an increase of NTx in HIV positive pts 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 (P < 0.05). The WFH and radiological scores result is significantly correlated to the HIV infection (P < 0.05 and P < 0.006 respectively). We also evaluated which measured data represent risk factors for osteoporosis. To this end we performed multivariate binomial regression analysis for osteoporotic/non-osteoporotic pts as dependent variable and clinical and laboratory data as independent variables (analysis c): WFH score (P < 0.001) results as significant predictor of low BMD; our analysis suggests a possible role for 25-OH Vit D level (P < 0.08). Osteoporosis has been recently recognized as an important co-morbidity in haemophilia. The pathogenesis of reduced BMD in adult pts with haemophilia is most likely multi-factorial and the presence of HIV and/or HCV infections may play an important role. High prevalence of hypovitaminosis D has been reported in haemophilia [12]; similar data have already been reported in HIV populations [19, 20, 21, 22 and 23]. In our cohort a high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D was confirmed, independently from the presence of infections (Table 3). The low vitamin D level was not related to an impaired renal function (with a consequent decrease of alpha-1-hydroxylase), as shown by the creatinine and creatinine clearance normal values.

Pettersson score was higher in mono-infected than in the other two groups (P < 0.001) (Fig. 1) and was also found to be higher in all pts treated with secondary prophylaxis than in pts treated on demand, without any difference in the three groups. The F BMD and L BMD were reduced in all three groups (Table 2). There were no statistically significant differences

between the three groups Alisertib price on the measured BMD at the F DXA. The measured BMD values at the L DXA were significantly lower in the co-infected group (all values <−1) than in the other two groups (normal values) (P < 0.05). The b-ALP level was higher in co-infected (P < 0.001) and mono-infected (P < 0.001) than in uninfected pts (Fig. 2). The NTx levels were also higher in co-infected (P < 0.01) and mono-infected (P < 0.02) than in uninfected pts (Fig. 3). To investigate if statistically significant correlations exist between different groups and all the collected data, we performed a multivariate regression analysis. Because the sample size was insufficient to investigate differences in results between the three groups, CFTR activator we redefine the group classes by means of the

following binary schemes: Infected/Uninfected HIV positive/HIV negative The results of multivariate binomial regression analysis for the aforementioned groups as dependent variables and clinical, radiological and laboratory data as independent variables are reported in Table 4. Analysis (a) shows that the presence

of viral infection is significantly correlated to an increased b-ALP (P < 0.002) whereas analysis (b) shows an increase of NTx in HIV positive pts MCE公司 (P < 0.05). The WFH and radiological scores result is significantly correlated to the HIV infection (P < 0.05 and P < 0.006 respectively). We also evaluated which measured data represent risk factors for osteoporosis. To this end we performed multivariate binomial regression analysis for osteoporotic/non-osteoporotic pts as dependent variable and clinical and laboratory data as independent variables (analysis c): WFH score (P < 0.001) results as significant predictor of low BMD; our analysis suggests a possible role for 25-OH Vit D level (P < 0.08). Osteoporosis has been recently recognized as an important co-morbidity in haemophilia. The pathogenesis of reduced BMD in adult pts with haemophilia is most likely multi-factorial and the presence of HIV and/or HCV infections may play an important role. High prevalence of hypovitaminosis D has been reported in haemophilia [12]; similar data have already been reported in HIV populations [19, 20, 21, 22 and 23]. In our cohort a high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D was confirmed, independently from the presence of infections (Table 3). The low vitamin D level was not related to an impaired renal function (with a consequent decrease of alpha-1-hydroxylase), as shown by the creatinine and creatinine clearance normal values.

There has been intense interest in non-invasive methods to identify advanced fibrosis in patients with NAFLD7;these include the NAFLD Fibrosis Score70, Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) panel70 and transient elastography. The NAFLD Fibrosis Score is based on six readily available variables (age, BMI, hyperglycemia, platelet count, albumin, AST/ALT ratio) and it is calculated signaling pathway using the published formula (http://nafldscore.com). In a meta-analysis of 13 studies consisting of 3,064 patients,7 NAFLD Fibrosis Score has an AUROC of 0.85 for predicting

advanced fibrosis (i.e., bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis) and a score < −1.455 had 90% sensitivity and 60% specificity to exclude advanced fibrosis whereas a score > 0.676 had 67% sensitivity and 97% specificity to identify the presence of advanced fibrosis. The ELF panel consists of plasma levels of three matrix turnover proteins (hyaluronic acid, TIMP-1, and PIIINP) had an AUROC of 0.90 with 80% sensitivity and 90% specificity for detecting advanced fibrosis.71 Circulating levels of cytokeratin-18 (CK18) fragments have been investigated extensively as novel biomarkers for Vadimezan manufacturer the presence of steatohepatitis in patients with NAFLD.7, 72 Wieckowska

et al., measured CK18 fragments in plasma that had been obtained from 44 consecutive patients with suspected NAFLD at the time of liver biopsy, and correlated the findings with hepatic immunohistochemistry data.70 Plasma CK18 fragments were markedly increased in patients with NASH compared with patients with simple steatosis or normal biopsies (median 765.7 U/L versus 202.4 U/L or 215.5 U/L, respectively; P < 0.001), and independently predicted NASH (OR 1.95; 95% CI 1.18-3.22 for every 50 U/L increase). This observation was reproduced in several subsequent studies and a recent meta-analysis estimated that plasma CK18 levels have a sensitivity of 78%, specificity

of 87%, and an area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) of 0.82 (95% CI: 0.78-0.88) for steatohepatitis in patients with NAFLD.7 Although these are very encouraging results, currently this assay is not commercially available. Furthermore, as each study utilized a study-specific cut-off value, there is not an established 上海皓元 cut-off value for identifying steatohepatitis. Transient elastography, which measures liver stiffness non-invasively, has been successful in identifying advanced fibrosis in patients with hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Although a recent meta-analysis showed high sensitivity and specificity for identifying fibrosis in NAFLD,7 it has a high failure rate in individuals with a higher BMI. Furthermore, it is not commercially available in the United States. Other imaging tools such as MR elastography, although commercially available in the United States, is rarely used in clinical practice.

There has been intense interest in non-invasive methods to identify advanced fibrosis in patients with NAFLD7;these include the NAFLD Fibrosis Score70, Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) panel70 and transient elastography. The NAFLD Fibrosis Score is based on six readily available variables (age, BMI, hyperglycemia, platelet count, albumin, AST/ALT ratio) and it is calculated RAD001 cell line using the published formula (http://nafldscore.com). In a meta-analysis of 13 studies consisting of 3,064 patients,7 NAFLD Fibrosis Score has an AUROC of 0.85 for predicting

advanced fibrosis (i.e., bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis) and a score < −1.455 had 90% sensitivity and 60% specificity to exclude advanced fibrosis whereas a score > 0.676 had 67% sensitivity and 97% specificity to identify the presence of advanced fibrosis. The ELF panel consists of plasma levels of three matrix turnover proteins (hyaluronic acid, TIMP-1, and PIIINP) had an AUROC of 0.90 with 80% sensitivity and 90% specificity for detecting advanced fibrosis.71 Circulating levels of cytokeratin-18 (CK18) fragments have been investigated extensively as novel biomarkers for Osimertinib in vivo the presence of steatohepatitis in patients with NAFLD.7, 72 Wieckowska

et al., measured CK18 fragments in plasma that had been obtained from 44 consecutive patients with suspected NAFLD at the time of liver biopsy, and correlated the findings with hepatic immunohistochemistry data.70 Plasma CK18 fragments were markedly increased in patients with NASH compared with patients with simple steatosis or normal biopsies (median 765.7 U/L versus 202.4 U/L or 215.5 U/L, respectively; P < 0.001), and independently predicted NASH (OR 1.95; 95% CI 1.18-3.22 for every 50 U/L increase). This observation was reproduced in several subsequent studies and a recent meta-analysis estimated that plasma CK18 levels have a sensitivity of 78%, specificity

of 87%, and an area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) of 0.82 (95% CI: 0.78-0.88) for steatohepatitis in patients with NAFLD.7 Although these are very encouraging results, currently this assay is not commercially available. Furthermore, as each study utilized a study-specific cut-off value, there is not an established MCE公司 cut-off value for identifying steatohepatitis. Transient elastography, which measures liver stiffness non-invasively, has been successful in identifying advanced fibrosis in patients with hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Although a recent meta-analysis showed high sensitivity and specificity for identifying fibrosis in NAFLD,7 it has a high failure rate in individuals with a higher BMI. Furthermore, it is not commercially available in the United States. Other imaging tools such as MR elastography, although commercially available in the United States, is rarely used in clinical practice.

The presence of anti-HBs at baseline is borderline associated with HBsAg reverse seroconversion. However, the role of the kinetics of anti-HBs titers on HBV reactivation is unclear. Methods: Eighty CD20-positive lymphoma patients with RHB were randomized to receive either prophylactic entecavir (ETV)

prior to chemotherapy to 3 months after completing chemotherapy (ETV prophylactic group, n=41) or therapeutic ETV at the time of HBV reactivation and HBsAg reverse seroconversion since chemotherapy (control group, U0126 solubility dmso n=39). Among them, 58 were positive for anti-HBs by qualitative assay. Serial anti-HBs titers during rituximab treatment were determined for those cases. Results: Patients in the ETV group received mean 7.2 cycles of rituximab-based chemotherapy, while patients in the control group received mean 6.5 cycles. During a mean 1 8 months of follow-up, 1 (2.4%) patient in the ETV prophylactic group and 7 (1 7.9%) in the control group developed HBV reactivation (P=0.027). The control group had a higher incidence of HBsAg reverse seroconversion (1 0.3% vs 0%). Among patients positive for anti-HBs, the anti-HBs titers significantly declined after rituximab treatment both

in ETV group and control group (p<0.05). In patient with HBV reactivation, the degree of anti-HBs decline did not greater than those without HBV reactivation. Conclusion: Rituximab mTOR inhibitor has impact on the anti-HBs titer both in patients with or without entecavir prophylaxis. The kinetics of anti-HBs titers could not predict HBV reactivation in lymphoma patients with RHB. Disclosures: The following people have nothing to disclose: Yi-Hsiang Huang, I-Cheng Lee, Liang-Tsai Hsiao, Han-Chieh Lin, Shou-Dong Lee While medchemexpress Tenofovir (TDF) has become a popular anti-HBV strategy for naïve patients worldwide, the 4 year effectiveness and safety in field practice is unknown. Methods: 374 naïve patients (55 years, 73% males, HBV-DNA 6.0 log IU/ml, 80% HBeAg-negative, 35% with cirrhosis, 47% with concomitant disease/medications) with chronic hepatitis B with

or without cirrhosis were treated with TDF monotherapy and enrolled in a retrospective/prospective cohort study from 21 European centers. Median follow-up was 39 months (range 0-72). Virological response was undetectable HBV DNA; safety analysis focused on glomerular and tubular renal function. Results. Virological response rates increased over time reaching 97% at year 4, independently of HBeAg status. 22 (30%) patients serocon-verted to anti-HBe with a 4-year cumulative probability of 37%, 16 (17%) patients cleared HBsAg (1 1 HBeAg-positive patients), of whom 6 successfully stopped TDF. Partial virological response rates progressively declined from 14% at month 12 [residual viremia: 44 IU/ml (10-264.000)], to 5% at month18 [65 IU/ml (12-23.

The presence of anti-HBs at baseline is borderline associated with HBsAg reverse seroconversion. However, the role of the kinetics of anti-HBs titers on HBV reactivation is unclear. Methods: Eighty CD20-positive lymphoma patients with RHB were randomized to receive either prophylactic entecavir (ETV)

prior to chemotherapy to 3 months after completing chemotherapy (ETV prophylactic group, n=41) or therapeutic ETV at the time of HBV reactivation and HBsAg reverse seroconversion since chemotherapy (control group, Selleckchem NVP-BGJ398 n=39). Among them, 58 were positive for anti-HBs by qualitative assay. Serial anti-HBs titers during rituximab treatment were determined for those cases. Results: Patients in the ETV group received mean 7.2 cycles of rituximab-based chemotherapy, while patients in the control group received mean 6.5 cycles. During a mean 1 8 months of follow-up, 1 (2.4%) patient in the ETV prophylactic group and 7 (1 7.9%) in the control group developed HBV reactivation (P=0.027). The control group had a higher incidence of HBsAg reverse seroconversion (1 0.3% vs 0%). Among patients positive for anti-HBs, the anti-HBs titers significantly declined after rituximab treatment both

in ETV group and control group (p<0.05). In patient with HBV reactivation, the degree of anti-HBs decline did not greater than those without HBV reactivation. Conclusion: Rituximab Imatinib supplier has impact on the anti-HBs titer both in patients with or without entecavir prophylaxis. The kinetics of anti-HBs titers could not predict HBV reactivation in lymphoma patients with RHB. Disclosures: The following people have nothing to disclose: Yi-Hsiang Huang, I-Cheng Lee, Liang-Tsai Hsiao, Han-Chieh Lin, Shou-Dong Lee While 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 Tenofovir (TDF) has become a popular anti-HBV strategy for naïve patients worldwide, the 4 year effectiveness and safety in field practice is unknown. Methods: 374 naïve patients (55 years, 73% males, HBV-DNA 6.0 log IU/ml, 80% HBeAg-negative, 35% with cirrhosis, 47% with concomitant disease/medications) with chronic hepatitis B with

or without cirrhosis were treated with TDF monotherapy and enrolled in a retrospective/prospective cohort study from 21 European centers. Median follow-up was 39 months (range 0-72). Virological response was undetectable HBV DNA; safety analysis focused on glomerular and tubular renal function. Results. Virological response rates increased over time reaching 97% at year 4, independently of HBeAg status. 22 (30%) patients serocon-verted to anti-HBe with a 4-year cumulative probability of 37%, 16 (17%) patients cleared HBsAg (1 1 HBeAg-positive patients), of whom 6 successfully stopped TDF. Partial virological response rates progressively declined from 14% at month 12 [residual viremia: 44 IU/ml (10-264.000)], to 5% at month18 [65 IU/ml (12-23.

The presence of anti-HBs at baseline is borderline associated with HBsAg reverse seroconversion. However, the role of the kinetics of anti-HBs titers on HBV reactivation is unclear. Methods: Eighty CD20-positive lymphoma patients with RHB were randomized to receive either prophylactic entecavir (ETV)

prior to chemotherapy to 3 months after completing chemotherapy (ETV prophylactic group, n=41) or therapeutic ETV at the time of HBV reactivation and HBsAg reverse seroconversion since chemotherapy (control group, Z-VAD-FMK research buy n=39). Among them, 58 were positive for anti-HBs by qualitative assay. Serial anti-HBs titers during rituximab treatment were determined for those cases. Results: Patients in the ETV group received mean 7.2 cycles of rituximab-based chemotherapy, while patients in the control group received mean 6.5 cycles. During a mean 1 8 months of follow-up, 1 (2.4%) patient in the ETV prophylactic group and 7 (1 7.9%) in the control group developed HBV reactivation (P=0.027). The control group had a higher incidence of HBsAg reverse seroconversion (1 0.3% vs 0%). Among patients positive for anti-HBs, the anti-HBs titers significantly declined after rituximab treatment both

in ETV group and control group (p<0.05). In patient with HBV reactivation, the degree of anti-HBs decline did not greater than those without HBV reactivation. Conclusion: Rituximab LDK378 has impact on the anti-HBs titer both in patients with or without entecavir prophylaxis. The kinetics of anti-HBs titers could not predict HBV reactivation in lymphoma patients with RHB. Disclosures: The following people have nothing to disclose: Yi-Hsiang Huang, I-Cheng Lee, Liang-Tsai Hsiao, Han-Chieh Lin, Shou-Dong Lee While MCE公司 Tenofovir (TDF) has become a popular anti-HBV strategy for naïve patients worldwide, the 4 year effectiveness and safety in field practice is unknown. Methods: 374 naïve patients (55 years, 73% males, HBV-DNA 6.0 log IU/ml, 80% HBeAg-negative, 35% with cirrhosis, 47% with concomitant disease/medications) with chronic hepatitis B with

or without cirrhosis were treated with TDF monotherapy and enrolled in a retrospective/prospective cohort study from 21 European centers. Median follow-up was 39 months (range 0-72). Virological response was undetectable HBV DNA; safety analysis focused on glomerular and tubular renal function. Results. Virological response rates increased over time reaching 97% at year 4, independently of HBeAg status. 22 (30%) patients serocon-verted to anti-HBe with a 4-year cumulative probability of 37%, 16 (17%) patients cleared HBsAg (1 1 HBeAg-positive patients), of whom 6 successfully stopped TDF. Partial virological response rates progressively declined from 14% at month 12 [residual viremia: 44 IU/ml (10-264.000)], to 5% at month18 [65 IU/ml (12-23.

4,5 Therefore, it has become important to investigate the precise pathogenesis of NSAID-induced intestinal injuries and to explore the preventive and therapeutic target molecules. Current proteomic methodologies are beginning to have a profound effect on the

way and capacity by which protein expression and the posttranslational modifications, functional interactions between proteins, and disease biomarkers are profiled.6,7 Therefore, although the application of the proteomic approach to intestinal injuries is still limited, it is important to note that its potential is infinite. The most commonly used technique for separation in proteomics is two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), whereby AG-014699 price proteins are separated both by their electrical charge and mass. As isoelectric point and molecular weight are independent physical characters of proteins, the separation performance of 2D-PAGE is substantially high, next to that of mass spectrometry.8–10 We have previously identified several proteins responsible for the development of murine colitis using 2D fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis see more (2D-DIGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight spectrometer (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry.11 Furthermore, we have also identified

the posttranslational oxidative modified protein involved in the pathogenesis of gastric ulcer and intestinal inflammation using a proteomic approach.12,13 The aim of the present study was to identified the proteins associated with indomethacin-induced intestinal injuries in rats by the 2D-DIGE/MALDI-TOF analysis. Male Wistar rats weighing 190–210 g were obtained from Shimizu Laboratory Supplies (Kyoto, Japan), and six to MCE公司 seven rats per group animals were housed at 22°C in a controlled environment with 12 h of artificial light per day and access to rat chow

and water ad libitum. The animals were maintained and all experimental procedures were carried out in accordance with the NIH guidelines for the use of experimental animals. All experimental protocols were approved by the Animal Care Committee of the Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine. To induce small intestinal injuries, the animals were administered 10 mg/kg indomethacin subcutaneously (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and killed 24 h later under deep ether anesthesia. The small intestines were removed and the jejunum and ileum were opened along the anti-mesenteric attachment for examination of lesions under a dissecting microscope with square grids. The area (mm2) of visible lesions was measured, totaled per 20 cm of small intestine, and expressed as the ulcer index. The degree of intestinal injury was evaluated by an independent observer who did not have previous knowledge of the experimental conditions.

4,5 Therefore, it has become important to investigate the precise pathogenesis of NSAID-induced intestinal injuries and to explore the preventive and therapeutic target molecules. Current proteomic methodologies are beginning to have a profound effect on the

way and capacity by which protein expression and the posttranslational modifications, functional interactions between proteins, and disease biomarkers are profiled.6,7 Therefore, although the application of the proteomic approach to intestinal injuries is still limited, it is important to note that its potential is infinite. The most commonly used technique for separation in proteomics is two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), whereby buy Enzalutamide proteins are separated both by their electrical charge and mass. As isoelectric point and molecular weight are independent physical characters of proteins, the separation performance of 2D-PAGE is substantially high, next to that of mass spectrometry.8–10 We have previously identified several proteins responsible for the development of murine colitis using 2D fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis CH5424802 (2D-DIGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight spectrometer (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry.11 Furthermore, we have also identified

the posttranslational oxidative modified protein involved in the pathogenesis of gastric ulcer and intestinal inflammation using a proteomic approach.12,13 The aim of the present study was to identified the proteins associated with indomethacin-induced intestinal injuries in rats by the 2D-DIGE/MALDI-TOF analysis. Male Wistar rats weighing 190–210 g were obtained from Shimizu Laboratory Supplies (Kyoto, Japan), and six to 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 seven rats per group animals were housed at 22°C in a controlled environment with 12 h of artificial light per day and access to rat chow

and water ad libitum. The animals were maintained and all experimental procedures were carried out in accordance with the NIH guidelines for the use of experimental animals. All experimental protocols were approved by the Animal Care Committee of the Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine. To induce small intestinal injuries, the animals were administered 10 mg/kg indomethacin subcutaneously (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and killed 24 h later under deep ether anesthesia. The small intestines were removed and the jejunum and ileum were opened along the anti-mesenteric attachment for examination of lesions under a dissecting microscope with square grids. The area (mm2) of visible lesions was measured, totaled per 20 cm of small intestine, and expressed as the ulcer index. The degree of intestinal injury was evaluated by an independent observer who did not have previous knowledge of the experimental conditions.

Oral nucleos(t)ide analogs, including lamivudine, adefovir, or entecavir, were used to treat HBV recurrence. Liver recipients were followed in the outpatient clinic every 2 weeks for the first 3 months and as clinically indicated

thereafter. All living donors were closely monitored in the intensive care unit for the first 1 or 2 days after donation, especially for early, timely detection of bleeding. Follow-up CT scans were performed 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year after surgery, according to customized protocols. Patient survival was analyzed from the time of diagnosis. Patients and living donors were followed until death or the end of August 2009. Information on these outcomes was taken from patient registration data and medical records. The primary endpoint of this study was 1-year survival after diagnosis. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to estimate overall survival rates and compared between groups using the log-rank selleckchem test. Potential prognostic learn more factors for survival were evaluated at the time of diagnosis and were included in univariate and multivariate analyses using a proportional hazards model. These factors included recipient age; gender; etiology; days from jaundice

to encephalopathy; grade of encephalopathy; presence of chronic liver disease; INR; alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, albumin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, serum sodium, and bicarbonate; arterial pH; white blood cell count; hemoglobin; platelet count; alpha-feto protein; the model for end-stage liver disease score (MELD); and GV/SLV. MELD was calculated according to the original formula: MELD = 11.2 LN(INR) + 3.78 LN(bilirubin) + 9.57 LN(creatinine) 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 + 6.43. Days from diagnosis to LT; application of continuous hemodiafiltration; serum lactate and arterial ammonia concentrations immediately before LT; donor age, gender, and GRWR; and graft steatosis were also included in the analysis of factors predictive of post-LT survival. Missing data were not replaced. All statistical

analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL). P < 0.05 was defined as statistically significant in all analyses. A total of 110 patients were enrolled in this study (Fig. 1). Of these, 11 had contraindications for LT at the time of diagnosis (contraindications to LT group), including irreversible brain edema (n = 2), uncontrolled septic shock (n = 1), underlying malignancy (n = 7), and advanced age (n = 1). Thus, 99 patients were listed for transplantation, of whom 44 (44% of those listed, 40% of total study patients) underwent LT (LT group), with four undergoing DDLT and 40 undergoing adult LDLT. Five of these patients received dual grafts from two living donors each, including four who received two left-lobe grafts and one who received left- and right-lobe grafts.