2). The levels of nirK mRNA were only significantly increased in N. europaea with either 10 or 20 mM NaNO2, although the increase was short lived (Fig. 3). Similar trends in gene expression were observed for N. europaea and N. eutropha grown in phosphate-buffered medium, although norS mRNA levels decreased less than twofold relative to Obeticholic Acid price the no nitrite control (data not shown). No significant differences were found in the hybridization intensities of mRNA extracted from cells immediately harvested from culture vs. those taken at t=0 from the short-term incubations, indicating no immediate effects from

resuspending cells into a fresh medium with or without NaNO2 amendment (data not shown). The nonuniformity of the physiological and transcriptional responses of these three AOB to relatively high nitrite concentrations demonstrates that each strain, even those as closely related as

N. europaea and N. eutropha, has a different ability and mechanism to tolerate the major end product of their metabolism. Therefore, the effects of nitrite on N. europaea found in this and prior studies cannot be universalized to other AOB. Previous studies of N. europaea have shown that the expression of amoA is regulated primarily by the availability Lapatinib in vivo of NH3 (Sayavedra-Soto et al., 1996) and O2 (Yu & Chandran, 2010). However, exponential-phase N. europaea showed decreased amoA mRNA levels when grown in batch cultures supplemented with nitrite (Yu & Chandran, 2010), although this particular study involved a longer time course and supplementation of media with nitrite before inoculating cells for growth experiments, likely exposing them to a higher overall nitrite load than in the present study. In the present study, there was no acute effect of nitrite on amoA mRNA levels

in either Nitrosomonas strain, only in N. multiformis (Fig. Verteporfin cell line 1). The decrease in amoA mRNA did not translate to a significant decrease in the nitrite production rate of N. multiformis (Table 1). Similarly, the unchanged amoA mRNA levels in N. eutropha did not correlate with its decreased nitrite production rate. Thus, the expression of amoA did not correlate to ammonia-oxidizing activity in any of the AOB, at least in these short-term incubations. These observations indicate that caution must be exercised when using absolute amoA gene expression as a proxy for acute rates of ammonia-oxidizing activity. Of the two genes encoding nitric oxide reductase, norB and norS, only the levels of norS mRNA in the two Nitrosomonas spp. were significantly decreased in incubations with nitrite supplementation (Fig. 2). A prior study showed upregulation of norS in NirK-deficient N. europaea under conditions where hydroxylamine conversion to nitrous oxide was highly favored (Cho et al., 2006; Cantera & Stein, 2007b).

The second lysate was incubated with mock Dynabeads as a negative control. Then, the lysate was removed, and the beads were washed twice with lysis buffer, twice with 1 mL of wash

buffer (100 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 250 mM LiCl, 0.5% NP-40, 1 mM EDTA, and 0.5% sodium deoxycholate), and once with 1 mL of TE buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl and 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0). The beads were incubated with 250 µL of TE plus 1% SDS for 10 min at 65 °C to elute DNA. The aspirated DNA solution was incubated at 65 °C overnight to reverse the cross-linking. The immunoprecipitated DNA and the input control DNA were treated with proteinase K, and precipitated with ethanol after proteins were removed with phenol–chloroform. Thus, purified DNA was dissolved in 30 µL of TE. The DNA sample (1 µL) was subsequently subjected to PCR in a total volume of 20 µL using gene-specific buy Regorafenib primers (Supporting Information, Table S1). Preliminary reactions were performed to determine the optimal conditions to assure the linear amplification of each gene. In general,

PCR was carried out with 28 cycles of 94 °C for 15 s, 54 °C for 15 s, and 72 °C for 10 s with Ex Taq DNA polymerase (Takara Bio). PCR products (50~60 bp) were electrophoresed on an 8% polyacrylamide gel, stained with ethidium bromide, and photographed. The intensities of the bands in digitized images were quantified using the image j (1.42q) program, and the amounts of immunoprecipitated DNA were determined relative to the input DNA. Individual ChIP assays were repeated at least Selleck Natural Product Library twice to confirm the reproducibility of the PCR-based experiment. Histidine-tagged Pdc2p(1–581) was expressed in bacterial cells and purified as described previously (Nosaka et al., 2005). The digoxigenin (DIG) gel shift kit (second generation; Roche Applied Science) was used for protein-DNA-binding assays. The oligonucleotide sequences used in this study are listed in Table S2. The

double-stranded DNA probe was prepared by heating at 95 °C for 5 min Sitaxentan and subsequent slow cooling to 65 °C. Then, the annealed fragment was isolated from a 5% polyacrylamide gel, and labeled by terminal transferase with DIG-11-ddUTP. The labeled probe (32 fmol) was incubated for 30 min at 25 °C with the recombinant Pdc2p(1–581) (2.5 µg) in 20 µL of EMSA buffer (20 mM HEPES pH 7.6, 30 mM KCl, 10 mM (NH4)2SO4, 1 mM EDTA, 1mM dithiothreitol, and 1% Tween 20) containing 1 µg of double-stranded poly(dI-dC), 1 µg of poly l-lysine, and 20 µg of BSA. The mixture was separated on an 8% polyacrylamide gel in 0.25× TBE and transferred to a nylon membrane (Biodyne B/Plus; Pall Gelman Laboratory) in 0.5× TBE using an electro-blotting system (Trans-blot SD Cell; Bio-Rad). Chemiluminescence of DIG-labeled DNA-protein complexes with anti-DIG-AP and CSPD on the nylon membranes was detected by an image analyzer (ImageQuant LAS 4000mini; GE Healthcare).

The thermophilic organisms were found to contain significantly less number of tRNAs compared with the other two groups, viz., mesophilic and psychrophilic (Fig. 1a). Such an observation is not unexpected as these thermophilic

organisms have to sustain a high temperature during their survival and are expected Galunisertib purchase to show ‘cost minimization’. The tRNAs that were significantly reduced had the anticodons of hydrophilic amino acids (Arg, Asn, Asp, Gln, Glu, Gly, Lys, Tyr, Val) while a few had anticodons for hydrophobic amino acids (Ile, Leu, Met, Phe) (Fig. 1b). The tRNAs that did not alter significantly were Ala-, Cys-, His-, Pro-, Ser-, Thr- and Trp-tRNA. Interestingly, none of the tRNAs showed any significant increase in number among the thermophilic organisms. The tRNA genes of thermophiles and hyperthermophiles exhibit a much higher GC content compared with mesophiles and psychrophiles. The GC content of tRNA genes shows a strong positive correlation with the OGT (r=0.85, P<0.0001). The higher GC content in the thermophilic and hyperthermophilic

group of organisms might be a strategy to facilitate intramolecular stabilization Selleck ABT737 of the RNA secondary structure at an elevated temperature. To examine this possibility, the secondary structures of tRNAs were determined through mfold at eight different temperatures, viz., 0, 10, 20, 30, 37, 50, 70 and 90 °C. Analysis of the entire data set revealed that tRNAs from psychrophilic organisms have a tendency to fold

with an unstable structure (more loops than stems) in a higher temperature range; the thermophiles and hyperthermophiles fold with a stable and similar structure in the entire range of temperature chosen, while mesophiles are between the above two groups. The results are shown in Fig. 2, which depicts representative secondary structure for Cys-tRNA and Phe-tRNA for three organisms: Methanopyrus kandleri AV19 (hyperthermophilic), Bacillus cereus E33L (mesophilic) and Psychrobacter much arcticus 273-4 (psychrophilic). Thus, the thermophiles and hyperthermophiles have tRNA sequence preferences to adapt to the high temperature they thrive. Cluster analysis was applied to two sets of data from tRNA folding: the free energy of folding (dG) and the melting temperature (Tm). The folding was computed at eight different temperatures (0, 10, 20, 30, 37, 50, 70 and 90 °C) and the average dG/Tm for each organism was used in generating the clusters. The clustered images (Fig. 3) present large contiguous patches of color representing groups of organisms that share similar patterns of folding (represented by dG/Tm values) over a range of temperatures. To verify that the cluster is not an artifact of the clustering procedure, the procedure was repeated several times using the same data set, randomizing the order each time. However, the procedure yielded the same results every time.

1.3.8 and 3.1.3.26) belong to families of histidine acid or alkaline phosphatases, which are capable of hydrolyzing phytic acid to myoinositol derivatives and inorganic phosphates (Oh et al., 2004). Phytases have been characterized from various microorganisms, in particular filamentous fungi. Phytase from Aspergillus niger is commercially available as a feed supplement (BASF). Supplementation of animal diets with microbial

learn more phytase reduces the need for phosphorus supplements and tends to increase the bioavailability of proteins and essential minerals, thus improving growth performance (Casey & Walsh, 2004). It also reduces the amount of phosphorus in animal manure, thereby helping decrease phosphorus pollution in the environment. Not many phytases have been exploited in the feed industry because of several factors including high manufacturing costs, poor stability, and low specific activity of the enzyme in the environment of desired applications (Pasamontes et al., 1997; Rodriguez et al., 2000; Wang et al.,

2007). Previously, phytases have been screened from various fungi in Thailand’s BIOTEC culture collection. Among these, A. niger BCC18081 and Aspergillus japonicus BCC18313 were shown to produce phytases that can function at pH 3 and 5.5 (Promdonkoy et al., 2009). Thus, these phytases potentially possess an ability to withstand and function efficiently in the acidic environment of animal stomach and in conditions similar to animal intestine. Subsequently, genes encoding these two phytases were cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris KM71. The recombinant phytases, r-PhyA170 and r-PhyA86, were shown to be secreted selleck products efficiently into the culturing medium (Promdonkoy et al., 2009). Furthermore, these enzymes exhibited high thermostability, as approximately 70% of activity was retained after incubation at SPTLC1 70 °C for 60 min. Most importantly, in vitro digestibility tests suggested that the recombinant phytases were at least as efficient as the commercial phytase for hydrolyzing phytate present in animal feed and are therefore suitable sources of phytase supplementation. Cell-surface technology

allows target proteins to be anchored on the cell surface. The proteins expressed would therefore behave as extracellular-like proteins and be glycosylated. Initially, the cell-surface expression system was studied in filamentous phage infecting Escherichia coli, leading to the development of a phage display system (Ueda & Tanaka, 2000a, b). Cell-surface display in yeast was developed for its application in biofuels, biosensors, vaccine-delivery vehicles, and screening platforms. Many mannoproteins located on the yeast cell wall and linked to lipid bilayer by β-linked glucans have already been identified (Watari et al., 1994; Van der Vaart et al., 1995; Kondo & Ueda, 2004), for example agglutinins (AGα1 and Aga1), Flo1p, Cwp1p, Cwp2p, and Tip1p.

Obviously, the spine is a modifiable compartment whose neck length can be controlled by afferent activity and which can regulate the spread of the [Ca2+]i rise evoked at the synapse and perhaps prevent further spreading into the parent dendrite (Korkotian & Segal, 2007); it can also control the access of synaptic molecules into the sphere of the spine head. One category of molecule which is delivered into and out of the synapse in relation

to activity is the ionotrophic AMPA-subtype glutamate receptor. LTP is assumed Ferroptosis inhibitor to involve the addition of glutamate receptors into the postsynaptic density, and LTD results from the removal of AMPA receptors from the spine head. Recently it has been suggested (Korkotian & Segal, 2007; Ashby et al., 2006) that the spine neck is a barrier to the diffusion of glutamate receptors into the synapse. Whether this barrier is determined by the calcium signal delivered to the dendrite or by the diffusion of receptor molecules is less R428 nmr critical; the outcome is that spine neck restricts access of glutamate receptors to the synapse. Consequently, synapses on the parent dendritic shaft should produce larger synaptic currents than those in the spine head, and the length of the spine will determine synapse efficacy. In addition to the influx of calcium through NMDA-gated channels, voltage-gated calcium channels and GluR1-gated,

GluR2-lacking channels, the spines are endowed with calcium stores of the ryanodine type, which are activated by influx of calcium or by direct activation of the ryanodine receptors (e.g. by caffeine). These stores have been linked Idoxuridine recently to the spine apparatus, en enigmatic structure in the spine neck, via synaptopodin, a molecule found to be in close association with the spine apparatus (Vlachos et al., 2009). Synaptopodin and the spine apparatus have been found primarily in large, mature spines. Thus, it is likely that synaptopodin regulates the levels of ambient [Ca2+]i, which is raised transiently by influx of calcium ions. It is likely that large spines, where a larger influx of calcium is expected, need the

stores in order to regulate excess amount of [Ca2+]i. Whether synaptopodin contributes to the stability of the spine is not entirely clear, as time-lapse imaging of synaptopodin and spines show that neither entity is stable over time (Vlachos et al., 2009). Regardless of their plastic properties, spines have been shown to constitute an independent physical compartment in which [Ca2+]i can rise to high levels, independent of the parent dendrite, suggesting that the spine protects the parent neuron from uncontrolled rises in [Ca2+]i, which may otherwise activate apoptotic processes leading to cell death (Schonfeld-Dado et al., 2009). In spiny neurons, shaft synapses are more likely to be harmful to the parent neuron than spine synapses.

A study from Thailand of perinatal cervicovaginal lavages (CVL) showed that HSV-2 shedding was associated with increased risk of intrapartum HIV transmission and that the effect was independent

of CVL and plasma HIV viral load. This study was, however, carried out in the context of either zidovudine monotherapy from 36 weeks or Cobimetinib cell line placebo [33]. That there may still be an increased risk associated with HSV shedding with patients on cART is suggested by a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of herpes-suppressive therapy in HIV-1/HSV-2-infected women taking cART in Burkina Faso, which demonstrated that valaciclovir 500 mg twice a day further reduced genital HIV replication in those women with residual HIV shedding despite cART [34]. A study from the USA reported greater rates of HSV-2 shedding at delivery in HSV-2 seropositive women with HIV compared to HIV-negative women, 30.8% versus 9.5% (RR 3.2, 95% CI 1.6–6.5) [35]. Future studies are needed to evaluate whether valaciclovir can reduce the risk of HIV MTCT during late pregnancy, the intrapartum period and breastfeeding. Chorioamnionitis may lead to premature rupture of the membranes with the possibility of premature birth [36, 37]. Chorioamnionitis, prolonged rupture of membranes and premature birth have all been associated with MTCT of HIV and may be interlinked [38-40]. However, a Phase III clinical trial of

antibiotics to Sunitinib reduce chorioamnionitis-related perinatal HIV-1 transmission showed no benefit in reducing MTCT in the context of single-dose nevirapine prophylaxis [41]. Although both Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae have been associated with chorioamnionitis, the organisms usually implicated are those Farnesyltransferase associated with BV including Ureaplasma urealyticum [42, 43]. A strong association between BV and premature delivery has been reported [44, 45]. There are data from Malawi that suggest that BV may be associated with an increased risk of maternal HIV infection

in pregnancy as well as premature delivery and mother-to-child transmission of HIV [43]. A study in which mothers received zidovudine from 34 weeks of pregnancy reported that maternal fever > 38°C and BV were associated with in utero transmission of HIV with 2.6-fold and 3-fold risks, respectively [46]. It is not known how applicable this is in settings where mothers receive cART from earlier in pregnancy. A large meta-analysis assessing the effects of antibiotic treatment of BV in pregnancy does not support the routine screening for, and treatment of, BV in pregnant HIV-negative women [44, 45]. However, the available evidence cannot rule out a small benefit in pregnancy outcome associated with the screening and treatment of BV. The latest Cochrane analysis concludes that there is little evidence that screening and treating all HIV-1-uninfected pregnant women with asymptomatic BV will prevent preterm delivery (PTD) and its consequences.

39 In the second report, one passenger and one crew member were infected on an 11-hour military charter flight from the Southwestern United States to Frankfurt. One of the individuals had serogroup B disease; the serogroup in the other individual was undetermined.40 Vaccination against meningococcal disease is not required for individuals traveling into any country except for Hajj and Umrah pilgrims to Saudi Arabia.5,41 This visa requirement for Saudi Arabia has been extended to all nationals

of many countries in tropical Africa arriving by air.42 Proof of immunization is needed for all http://www.selleckchem.com/products/z-vad-fmk.html Hajj and Umrah visa applicants of all ages; depending on the age group and origin, other vaccinations may also be required (yellow fever, poliomyelitis, and influenza).5 Applicants must have been immunized more than 10 days and less than 3 years before entering Saudi Arabia.5 Because of this requirement for periodic vaccination, waning immunity due to immunologic hyporesponsiveness after repeat administration of meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines can be a concern.6 A study on residents of Mecca and Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, aged 10 to 29 years found that repeated administration of the AC polysaccharide vaccine resulted in immunologic hyporesponsiveness to serogroup C.6 check details Hyporesponsiveness is not a factor with conjugate quadrivalent meningococcal vaccines,43 and they should therefore be preferred for use for instance in

Hajj pilgrims. Several national health authorities as well as the WHO have issued guidance on vaccinating travelers against meningococcal disease based on environmental factors, such as travel destination, time of year, and type of contact with the local population (Table 2). Although not all the recommendations are consistent—especially PRKD3 in terms of the strength of the recommendation—many overlap to some degree, and all

recommend vaccination for all travelers visiting destinations with current outbreaks or epidemic situations. In its 2010 edition of International Travel and Health, the WHO lists meningococcal disease vaccination as being of selective use in travelers, along with hepatitis A vaccine, for example.44 For travelers to industrialized nations, where they may be exposed to sporadic cases of meningococcal disease, WHO cautions that risk is increased in locations where large groups of adolescents and young adults congregate, such as in schools and college dormitories, and recommends considering vaccination for college students. Vaccination should also be considered in “all travelers to countries in the sub-Saharan meningitis belt.” The risk of infection may be greater in those traveling during the dry season or those staying in the area for longer periods and living with or being in close contact with the local population.44 Vaccination is also to be considered in “all travelers … to areas with current epidemics.”44 The WHO, US, UK, and German/Swiss recommendations are very similar (Table 2).

These responses differ largely between individuals and do not fully compensate for the decrease in PiO2, especially when ascending to higher altitudes. The reduced oxygen availability not only affects exercise performance but is also the main cause for sleep disturbances and headache at altitude and the development of high-altitude illnesses, ie, AMS, HAPE, and HACE. When acclimatization to high altitude remains unsuccessful by going too high too fast, these hypoxia-related illnesses may occur. A reduced HVR, exaggerated oxygen desaturation during sleep, impaired gas exchange, pulmonary vasoconstriction, fluid retention, increased sympathetic

drive, increased intracranial pressure, and probably also oxidative stress and inflammation may be contributory factors in the Obeticholic Acid supplier pathogenesis of high-altitude illnesses.[10-12] These are commonly observed in healthy subjects at altitudes greater than 2,500 m. They are Lapatinib concentration typically associated with periodic breathing owing to alternating respiratory stimulation by hypoxia and subsequent apneas or hypopneas due to inhibition by hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia.[13] This periodic interruption to breathing results in frequent arousals from sleep, which is distressing and may prevent revitalizing rest and impair daytime performance.[7, 14] A recent study demonstrated

that sleep quality is predominantly impaired during the first days at high altitude but improves when oxygen saturation increases with acclimatization.[15] However, periodic breathing and related sleep disturbances often persist at an individually variable severity and may be ameliorated by drug therapy (see below). HAH is the most frequent symptom VDA chemical afflicting up to 80% of high-altitude sojourners.[7, 16] Besides hypoxia, risk factors such as hypohydration, overexertion, and insufficient energy intake can trigger

the development of HAH in susceptible subjects.[16] The hypoxia-induced cerebral vasodilation and consequent brain swelling are among the most likely mechanisms responsible for the development of HAH.[7, 11] In addition, newly synthesized prostaglandins may also contribute to hypoxia-induced vasodilation and enhancement of nociception.[16] Pain relievers are effective to treat HAH (see below). AMS is thought to be a progression of HAH, which usually manifests with symptoms of headache, dizziness, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, and insomnia within 6 to 36 hours of high-altitude exposure.[11, 17] According to the generally accepted Lake Louise scoring system, the presence of headache and at least one of the other symptoms, rated in severity on a scale of 1 to 3, are required.[18] AMS is usually benign and self-limiting. Symptoms are often manifested first or in greater severity the morning after the first night at higher altitude.

Of the 1,691 surveyed, 969 (57%) obtained travel medicine advice from various sources and 543 (32%) visited a health care provider to prepare for their trip. Travelers returning to their birth country were less likely to visit a health care provider to prepare for their trip (110/527, Antidiabetic Compound Library cell line 19%) compared to other travelers (433/1,113, 34%) (PR 0.6, 95% CI: 0.5–0.7). On the basis of their reported itineraries, 415 (25%) of the surveyed travelers were classified as having higher risk for JE virus exposure and 1,276 (75%) were classified as lower JE risk. Travelers with higher JE risk itineraries (mean age 41 years) were younger than travelers

with lower JE risk itineraries (mean age 46 years; difference 5.1 years, 95% CI: 1.1–9.1). Higher and lower JE risk travelers were similar with regard to education level, household income, and planned destination countries. However, to prepare for their current trip, higher risk travelers were more likely to have visited a health care provider (185/415, 45%) than lower risk travelers (360/1,276, 28%) (PR 1.6, 95% CI: 1.2–2.1). Of the 415 travelers with higher JE risk itineraries, Afatinib 330 (84%, 95% CI: 79–88%) planned to spend ≥1 month in a JE-endemic country, including 115 (37%, 95% CI 26–47%) planning to spend ≥6 months in Asia. The remaining 85 (16%, 95% CI: 12–21%) higher JE risk travelers planned

to spend <1 month in Asia but at least half of their time in rural areas; of these, 55 (62%, 95% CI: 49–77%) planned to spend more than half of their time doing outdoor activities in rural areas. Among the higher JE risk travelers, those returning to their birth country were again less likely to visit a health care provider to prepare for their trip (21% vs 56%; PR 0.4, 95% CI: 0.3–0.5). Ixazomib Forty-seven (11%, 95% CI: 7–15%) of the higher JE

risk travelers reported that they received ≥1 doses of JE vaccine for this trip or a previous trip, while 368 (89%, 95% CI: 85–93%) indicated that they had never received JE vaccine. Higher risk travelers who received JE vaccine (mean age 34 years) were significantly younger than those who did not receive JE vaccine (mean age 41 years; difference 6.0 years, 95% CI: 0.1–12.9 years). Of the 368 travelers who were classified as higher JE risk but who had not received JE vaccine, 219 (60%) were unaware of or had not been advised to receive vaccine, and 104 (28%) did not think they needed JE vaccine for their trip. Overall, 164 (45%) of the 368 unvaccinated higher risk travelers visited a health care provider to prepare for the trip, but 113 (69%) still indicated that they had never heard of JE vaccine or their health care provider did not advise the JE vaccine (Table 3). Vaccine costs (7/164, 4%), inadequate time prior to travel (3/164, 2%), and concerns about possible adverse events (1/164, <1%) were uncommon reasons reported for not receiving the vaccine.

PA was found to be predictive of habitual and compulsive-like ethanol seeking. Additionally, innate risk status was related to epigenetic changes

in the gene encoding the requisite subunit of the 5HT3 receptor, Htr3a, as well as 5HT3A protein expression in the amygdala. We then used pharmacological tools to demonstrate that risk status determines the ability of a 5HT3 antagonist to reduce compulsive ethanol seeking. These data indicate that risk status can be identified prior to any alcohol exposure by assessment of cue reactivity, and further that this endophenotype may be predictive of response to pharmacological treatment for components of alcoholism. “
“Continuous

theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) can modify behavior, but effects are inconsistent and their mechanisms insufficiently understood. As coherence in resting-state networks 17-AAG clinical trial influences human behavior, we hypothesized that cTBS may act via modulation of neural oscillation coherence. This study used electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate whether behavioral effects of cTBS on visuospatial attention are associated with coherence changes in the attention network. In healthy human subjects, cTBS of the right posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and the right frontal eye field was compared with sham stimulation. Effects on visuospatial attention were quantified with a visual exploration task, and network effects were assessed from surface EEG with inverse ADP ribosylation factor solutions and source coherence analyses. www.selleckchem.com/products/apo866-fk866.html Before stimulation, left visual exploration was linearly correlated with alpha-band coherence between the right temporo-parietal cortex and the rest of the brain. Posterior parietal cortex stimulation induced neglect-like visual exploration behavior in the majority, but not all, subjects. It reduced alpha-band coherence between the stimulation site and the rest of the brain but also enhanced it between

the contralateral left parietal cortex and the rest of the brain. The contralateral increase correlated with the induced reduction in left visual attention. The behavioral response of individual participants to cTBS could be predicted by coherence in the right temporo-parietal junction before stimulation. Behavioral effects of cTBS therefore depend on network states before stimulation and are linearly associated with changes in network interactions. In particular, cTBS modulates an interhemispheric competition in alpha-band coherence. EEG network imaging might help to optimize therapeutic cTBS in the future. “
“Helmholtz himself speculated about a role of the cochlea in the perception of musical dissonance.