For the experimental process has a deliberate theoretical foundation, thus the mathematical analysis process can be founded and simplified, selleck catalog and this research also provides a new idea for following turbulence characteristic quantitative evaluation.AcknowledgmentsThe author acknowledges the funding of following science foundation: National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51205073, No. 51275100), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project (No. 2012M510197), Foundation for Distinguished Young Talents in Higher Education of Guangdong, China (No. LYM09110), the science and technology project of Guangzhou city (No. 2012J4100053, 12C42011566), the Research Project of Guangzhou Municipal University (No.

10A068), and Foundation Project of NationalEngineering Research Center of Near-Net-Shape Formingfor Metallic Materials, South China University of Technology (No. 2012007) is also appreciated for supporting this work. We also want to thank the editors for their hard work and the referees for their comments and suggestions to improve this paper.
The lateral transpsoas approach for anterior lumbar interbody fusion (extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF)) was developed as a less-invasive alternative to conventional anterior and posterior approaches for interbody fusion [1]. Similar to anterior exposures for lumbar interbody fusion, the lateral approach allows for placement of a wide footprint intervertebral cage with wide apertures to provide superior anterior column realignment [2, 3] as well as a healthy fusion environment [4], without anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament (ALL and PLL) resection.

In addition, the lateral approach mitigates many of the risks more common to traditional approaches, namely, vascular and visceral risks associated with anterior approaches [5�C8] and the neural complications and bony resection common to posterior approaches [9, 10]. However, safe passage through the psoas muscle requires neuromonitoring to identify the nerves of the lumbar plexus, the injury of which represents a significant risk of the approach. Since the introduction of the approach in the literature in 2006 [1], the procedure has increased in popularity, and reports of safety and outcome continue to be needed to fully validate the approach, especially during early cases of a new approach where a learning curve may be present [11, 12]. The purpose of this study was to examine clinical and radiographic outcomes in the first thirty patients Anacetrapib treated with the XLIF approach by one surgeon in Melbourne, Australia. 2.

Leishmanicidal properties may reside in phytochemicals such as flavonoids, which are hence strong candidates for use in combination therapy against these infections. Flavonoids are abundant in fruits, vegetables, and saps of plants and are demonstrated to have anticarcinogenic, selleckchem antimicrobial, and antiparasitic activity [7, 8]. Flavonoid analogues derived from Consolida oliveriana exerted a significant effect on the in vitro growth of species of Leishmania spp. [9].In this work, the inhibitory effects of flavonoids from aerial parts of Delphinium staphisagria L. (Ranunculaceae) on the extracellular and intracellular stages of L. infantum and L. braziliensis were investigated. In addition, the cytotoxic effects of these compounds against a host cell line were assessed.

We also used 1H-NMR spectroscopic analysis to determine the nature and percentage of the excretion metabolites and to elucidate any inhibitory effect that the compounds have on the glycolytic pathway. Finally, the effects of the compounds on the ultrastructure were studied.2. Material and Methods2.1. Plant MaterialAerial parts of the Delphinium staphisagria were collected and processed as described previously D��az et al. [10]. Nine flavonoids (1�C9) were isolated, derivatized, and identified (Figure 1) [10].Figure 1Flavonoid compounds investigated.2.2. Parasite Strain and CultureL. infantum (MCAN/ES/2001/UCM-10) and L. braziliensis (MHOM/BR/1975/M2904) were cultivated in vitro in trypanosomes liquid medium (MTL) with 10% inactive fetal bovine serum and were kept in an air atmosphere at 28��C, in Roux flasks (Corning, USA) with a surface area of 75cm2, according to the methodology described by Gonz��lez et al.

[4].2.3. Cell Culture and Cytotoxicity TestsJ774.2 macrophages (ECACC number 91051511) were originally obtained from a tumour in a female BALB/c rat in 1968. The cytotoxicity test for macrophages was performed according to the methodology of Gonz��lez et al. [4]. After 72 hours of treatment, cell viability was determined by flow cytometry. Thus, 100��L/well of propidium iodide solution (100mg/mL) was added and incubated for 10min at 28��C in darkness. Afterwards, 100��L/well of fluorescein diacetate (100ng/mL) was added and incubated under the same conditions. Finally, the cells were recovered by centrifugation at 400g for 10min and the precipitate washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS).

Flow cytometric analysis was performed with a FACSVantage flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson). The percentage viability was calculated in comparison with the control culture. The IC50 was calculated using linear regression analysis from the Kc values of the concentrations employed.2.4. In Vitro Activity Assay2.4.1. Promastigote Forms, Assay The compounds obtained were dissolved GSK-3 in the culture medium, at dosages of 100, 50, 25, 10, and 1��M.

Induction of apoptosis of the host cells has been considered to be a putative virulence mechanism that may cause CC-5013 tissue damage and facilitate further colonization [5].S. marcescens strains associated with hospital outbreaks are mostly nonpigmented [2]. Despite considerable clinical data regarding their role in nosocomial infections, the pathogenic mechanism has not been elucidated. In this study we evaluated interactions between nonpigmented strains and human erythrocytes, epithelial cells, and murine macrophages originating from a well-established cell line, J774. 2. Materials and Methods2.1. Bacterial StrainsA total of 30 strains identified as Serratia marcescens by biochemical test kit API20E (bioM��rieux) were used in this study.

These strains were isolated from various specimens of hospitalized patients: 9 from urine (MPU S3, 12, 18, 21, 30, 33, 35, 36, and 37), 5 from postoperative wounds (MPU S6, 11, 26, 27, and 29) and 5 from ulcerations (MPU S1, 4, 7, 23, 42), 5 from secretions: aspirate, a conjunctival sac, and pus; from the pharynx, ear and drain (MPU S2, 28, 5, 14, and 13), 3 from intubation tubes (MPU S31, 34, and 41), and 1 from blood (MPU S22), stool (MPU S15), and a catheter (MPU S20). The isolates were maintained at ?75��C in trypticase soy broth (TSB, Difco) containing 50% (vol/vol) glycerol. The HEp-2 and J774 monolayers were infected separately with an E. coli K-12 C600 strain as the negative control.2.2. Cell CultureThe murine macrophage cell line, J774, was maintained in a growth medium (GM), containing RPMI 1640 (Biomed, Poland) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS, Gibco), gentamicin (5mgmL?1), and 2mM L-glutamine (Sigma).

Human laryngeal epithelial cells (HEp-2) were cultured in a growth medium (GM), including the Minimum Essential Medium Eagle (MEM, Biomed) supplemented with 5% fetal calf serum, 2mM glutamine, 80IU penicillin per mL, 80��g streptomycin, and 1mgmL?1 of nystatin. The cells were seeded with 100mL of suspension in number of 2 �� 106/mL and incubated at 37��C in an atmosphere with 5% CO2 [6�C8].2.3. Infection ConditionsFor each experiment, HEp-2 and J774 cells at the concentration of 2 �� 106/mL were seeded into 96-well plates (Nunc) and allowed to attach overnight. The strains were cultivated on Luria-Bertani agar (LB, Difco), harvested and resuspended in PBS to 1 on the McFarland scale, and diluted 1:100 in GM Dacomitinib to a number of approximately 2 �� 107/mL. The aliquots were diluted in PBS and viable bacteria quantified.

Moreover, some patients have some complications, such as spine unstable fractures, severe lung damage disease, and contralateral lower extremity fractures, who are not suitable for the lateral decubitus position.5. ConclusionThe present results showed that PFNA with the lateral decubitus position and the supine position provided effective methods for the treatments of intertrochanteric fractures in the elderly patients. However, the PFNA with the lateral decubitus position provides a shorter operation time, less of hospital stay, blood loss, number of intraoperative X-ray, incision length and out-of-bed activity time. Therefore, PFNA fixation in the lateral decubitus position may be considered a better choice for the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures in the elderly patients. Although PFNA fixation in the lateral decubitus position was shown to be of value as the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures, further definitive research about early surgery and longer follow-up period is needed to support the use of PFNA fixation in the lateral decubitus position.Conflict of InterestsThere is no conflict of interests to declare, and all authors certify that they have no commercial associations that might pose a conflict of interests in connection with this paper.
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and ranks as the fourth most common cancer-related mortality [1]. A major component of treatment failure is cancer dissemination within the abdominal and pelvic spaces as a local recurrence of the primary cancer or as peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC). It is estimated that about 40% of the patients with colorectal cancer will develop PC during the evolution of the disease [2] as a result of the growth of the primary tumor through the serosal lining of the bowel lumen, thereby allowing the exfoliation and shedding of malignant cells intraperitoneally. Manipulation during the surgical procedure may also release tumor cells within the peritoneal cavity [2].PC from colorectal cancer was traditionally regarded as a terminal condition. The terminal nature of this disease has been demonstrated in a large clinical trial, the French multicentric EVOCAPE-1 trial, which prospectively followed up 370 patients with PC of different primary cancers from diagnosis till death. The mean survival of 118 patients with PC from colorectal cancer was 6.0 months [3].For over two decades, adjuvant intravenous (IV) therapy with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has improved the therapeutic outcome after cytoreduction [4]. After the introduction of oxaliplatin in combination with 5-FU or leucovorin, the effectiveness of systemic treatment of PC was improved [5, 6].

Thus, we conclude that the temperature process at a smaller temporal scale is more complex any other enquiries than that at a larger temporal scale.The MCD values also provided the information about the dimension of the phase-space required for embedding the attractor. Because all the CD values at daily scale are above 2, at least 3 independent variables are needed at to describe the dynamics of temperature process at daily scale. The same reason tells us that at least 2 independent variables are needed to describe the dynamics of temperature process at monthly, seasonal, and annual scales.4.3. The Effect of Geographical Location and ElevationTable 1 showed that the CD values at different sites (the sites of meteorological station) are different at a same temporal scale (i.e., daily, monthly, seasonal, and annual scales).

Maybe their spatial patterns are affected by the geographical location and elevation.To reveal the correlation of the CD value with geographical location and elevation, we computed the correlation coefficients as in Table 2.Table 2The correlation coefficients between CD values with geographical location and elevation.Table 2 showed that on the daily scale, the CD value positively correlates with elevation at the significant level of 0.05, whereas on the monthly scale, the CD value positively correlates both with elevation and latitude at the significant levels of 0.05 and 0.01, respectively. To verify the correlation, we used the stepwise regression analysis method to fit the multiple linear regression equations (MLREs) between the CD value with geographical location and elevation at daily and monthly scales, which are as in Table 3.

Table 3MLREs between the CD values with geographical location and elevation at daily and monthly scales.Table 3 told us that on the daily and monthly scales, the CD values are well explained by the geographical location Entinostat and elevation at the significant levels of 0.006 and 0.000. The MLREs in Table 3 indicate that the site with higher elevation and latitude has a higher CD value. That is to say, the temperature dynamics at the site with higher elevation and latitude are of much higher complexity.Though the MLREs in Table 3 well explained the relation between CD value with geographical location and elevation at daily and monthly scales, the CD value has no significant correlation with elevation, latitude, and longitude at the seasonal and annual scales. What is the reason for this? Actually, beside the structural factor such as atmospheric circulation, the local temperature dynamics are also affected by the location, elevation, and other stochastic factors. Therefore, the CD value of temperature dynamic is a typical regionalized variable and its spatial pattern should be described by the variogram.

Sunitinib c-Kit 021 chi-squared) but not with lymphatic infiltration 8/16 versus 22/77 (P = 0.08 chi-squared).There was a trend of increasing biochemical failure with increasing Gleason score, comparing Gleason 4, Gleason 5 + 6, Gleason 7, and Gleason 8 + 9, (P = 0.05 chi-squared for trends), with a relative risk of 1.00, 6.00, 8.70, and 9.60, respectively (Table 3).Table 3Biochemical failure and association with clinical parameters.3.2. Association of CPC Status and Clinicopathological Parameters with Biochemical FailureIncorporating the detection of CPCs with the pathological parameters showed different results. 25/38 (65.8%) men CPC positive experienced biochemical failure in comparison with 5/56 (8.9%) of men CPC negative (P = 0.0001 chi-squared).3.2.1.

CPC and Margin Status (Table 4(a)) Table 4(a) Association of CPC status and margin status with biochemical failure. (+) positive (?) negative, (b) Association of CPC status and capsule status with biochemical failure, (c) Association of CPC status and perineural infiltration with biochemical …Men CPC (+) margin (+) were more likely to experience biochemical failure than men CPC (?) margin (+), 9/15 versus 0/7 (P = 0.022 chi-squared); likewise men CPC (+) margin (?) were more likely to experience biochemical failure than men CPC (?) margin (?), 17/22 versus 4/50 (P = 0.0001 Chi-squared) (Table 6). Comparing CPC (+) margin (+) with CPC (+) margin (?) there was no significant difference (P = 0.16 chi-squared); similarly there was no difference between CPC (?) margin (+) and CPC (?) margin (?) (P = 1.00 Fisher two-tailed).

Table 6Uncensored Kaplan-Meier of men without biochemical failure comparing CPC (+) versus CPC from time of blood sampling.3.2.2. CPC and Extracapsular Extension (Table 4(b)) Men CPC (+) capsule (+) were more likely to experience biochemical failure than men CPC (?) capsule (+), 13/33 versus 1/16 (P = 0.0008 Fisher two-tailed); likewise men CPC (+) capsule (?) were more likely to experience biochemical failure than men CPC (?) capsule (?) (P = 0.0001, Fisher two-tailed). Comparing CPC (+) capsule (+) with CPC (+) margin (?) there was no significant difference (P = 0.47); equally there was no significant difference between CPC (?) capsule (+) with CPC (?) Carfilzomib capsule (?) (P = 1.00 Fisher two-tailed).3.2.3. CPC and Perineural (PN) Infiltration (Table 4(c)) Men CPC (+) PN (+) were more likely to experience biochemical failure compared with CPC (?) PN (+) 20/25 versus 5/30 (P = 0.

0001 chi-squared), similarly for men CPC (+) PN (?) versus CPC (?) PN (?), 5/11 versus 0/26 (P = 0.001, Fisher two-tailed). Comparing men CPC (+) PN (+) versus CPC (+) PN (?) there was no significant difference (P = 0.056 Fisher two-tailed). Similarly for CPC (?) PN (+) versus CPC (?) PN (?) there was no significant difference (P = 0.055, Fisher two-tailed).3.2.4.

The present study sought to achieve three objectives: (1) present the spatiotemporal process of the encroachment of expanding farmland on wild marsh landscapes in the core area on the sellekchem Sanjiang Plain since 1975, which is a microcosm of shrinking natural wetland ecosystems worldwide; (2) analyze the characteristics of the driving forces that continuously reduce the marsh wetland area in this region, with an emphasis on discussing Chinese policies related to intensified agricultural development on a local scale; and (3) study the negative impact of marsh reclamation on natural ecosystems. An international wetland is used as a typical example to show readers the ecological impact of agricultural activity on marsh wetlands and assess the functional efficacy of this natural reserve.2.

Materials and Methods2.1. Study AreaThe HNNR and its three surrounding farms (Yaluhe Farm, Honghe Farm, and Qianfeng Farm) were selected as our study area. The study area is located in the northeast region of Heilongjiang (47��25��N-48��1��N, 133��18��E-134��5��E), the core area of the Sanjiang Plain (Figure 1). It covers 2416.8km2 in the neighboring area of Tongjiang County and Fuyuan County. This area was a unique marsh wetland landscape 30 years ago. The establishment of local farms coincided with a gradual loss of the marsh wetlands. The establishment of the HNNR was useful for obtaining data on the later progression [40]. Therefore, our study area selection of both the HNNR and its surrounding farms was helpful for comparing and analyzing marsh wetland loss and the negative impacts of neighboring agricultural activity on the marsh landscape in the HNNR.

Figure 1Location of the study area.2.2. MethodsThe database for this research derived mostly from LANDSAT satellite images. It included one MSS image from July 25, 1975, and two TM images from June 12, 1989, and August 30, 2006. Additional materials used for this research included a geographical map (1:100000 scale) and a QuickBird image with a high spatial resolution of 0.61m from May 16, 2004. All of the landscape maps in raster format that were interpreted from the images were inputted into the ArcGIS 9.2 platform, in which a spatial resolution of less than 0.5 pixels was attained with the aid of a 1:10000 scale geographical map. The statistical analysis was complemented with the dynamics of local landscapes during the past 30 years using Excel 2003 Brefeldin_A software after careful topological examination in the ArcGIS. Data sources about current wetland plant survey and water fowl survey came from our field survey, and the comparable historic data source came from previous research publication (see details in Section 3.4).

Comparison between Culture in Hypoxic and Ambient EnvironmentsSince 1963, when the isolation and self-renewing properties of mouse bone marrow cells were first reported [78, 79], until now most of the research efforts have been focused on the identification of molecular markers [4, 80, 81]. This has allowed sellectchem the isolation of different types of tissue-specific stem or progenitor cells [82�C85] and has also assisted to define the differentiation of stem or progenitor cells into a particular cell type [86, 87]. Moreover, the development of specific methods for functional stem cell isolation and identification is highly important, in order to study the molecular mechanisms behind the multipotentiality and self-renewable capacity of stem cells and also for the establishment of stem cell-based regenerative therapeutics.

This trend has overshadowed the importance of O2 concentration, a key environmental factor that might play a vital role on stem cell fate and function [40]. Unfortunately till now in most laboratories, stem cells are typically cultured under the ambient O2 concentration without paying attention to the metabolic milieu of the niche in which they grow or normally reside [88]. However, in recent years, scientists have started to manipulate the O2 concentration in cell cultures by maintaining a niche-like hypoxic environment. Though the effect of hypoxic culture conditions on the proliferation and differentiation potential of MSCs has been reviewed by few researchers [77, 89], the effect of hypoxia on the genetic stability, early senescence, and site-specific migration of MSCs has not been reviewed in depth.

Thus, on the basis of recent research outcomes, the effect of different O2 concentration on MSCs biology is further discussed.3.1. Proliferation of MSCsCapability for self-renewal is a key feature of stem cells. An increased proliferation rate is necessary for more efficient use of stem cells in regenerative therapies. Fehrer et al. (2007) demonstrated that bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) cultured in 3% O2 concentration showed significantly increased in vitro proliferative lifespan, with approximately 10 additional population doublings (PDs) (28.5 �� 3.8PD in 20% O2 and 37.5 �� 3.4PD in 3% O2) before reaching senescence compared to cells cultured in the ambient O2 environment [38].

In addition, early passaged MSCs cultured in hypoxic conditions also exhibit increased proliferative lifespan along with significant difference in population doubling [37]. Furthermore, it is possible to harvest more than 1 �� 109 MSCs from the first five passages cultured in 3% O2, whereas in ambient condition only 2 �� 107 cells can be obtained [37]. Higher in vitro expansion rate in hypoxic conditions has also been reported Dacomitinib by several other researchers [90�C93].

Without the sufficient capacity of all active servers, the system will switch on a new server while reallocating all the applications using the same heuristic in an arbitrary order. The proposed approach is fit for heterogeneous environments; however, it has several shortcomings. First, the approach assumes that all applications’ resource phase 3 requirements are known in advance and constant. Second, performance and energy overhead, which the authors do not take account into, is caused by migration of state-full applications between nodes. The frequent switching servers on/off also generates significant costs which are not negligible for a real-world system.Verma et al. [8] have contributed energy and migration cost-aware application placement by exploiting the energy management capabilities of virtualization.

The authors have designed a new application (virtual machines) placement architecture called pMapper. It consists of three major parts, namely, a performance manager to dynamically resize the VM, an energy manager for CPU throttling, and a migration manager to identify the target host for migration using a knowledge base. They have expounded that for energy-aware scheduling approaches, estimates of energy values are not required, and only if the scheduling algorithm has abilities in finding out which server minimizes the incremental increase in total energy owing to the new VM being placed, it can place the given VM to an appropriate host. In pMapper, two algorithms are implemented. One is First Fit Decreasing (FFD) by which more energy-efficient servers are utilized first without balancing the load.

The other is incremental First Fit Decreasing (iFFD) which considers the fixed target utilization of each server and achieves server consolidation by live VM migration. The proposed pMapper architecture minimizes energy and migration costs while ensuring the performance. Our approach is based on a heuristic approach which exploits the concept of minimizing total increase in the incremental energy due to the new VM migrations. The proposed architecture is simple and does not need any knowledge base to achieve significant reduction in the energy consumption.Li et al. in [9] have proposed an approach named EnaCloud, which enables application of live placement dynamically with consideration of energy efficiency in a cloud platform.

In EnaCloud, they use a virtual machine to encapsulate the application, which supports applications’ scheduling and live migration to minimize the number of running machines, so as to save energy. In particular, the application placement is abstracted as a bin packing problem, and an energy-aware heuristic algorithm is proposed to get an appropriate solution. In GSK-3 addition, an overprovision approach is presented to deal with the varying resource demands of applications. However, the overprovision approach has risk in optimizing this problem.

It is obvious that S(G)��MM. Moreover, S(G)��MS(G), since S(G) is cyclic. It follows that S(G)��MG. Therefore, G/(S(G)��M) sellekchem = S(G)/(S(G)��M)M/(S(G)��M). Let G-=G/(S(G)��M),S-(G)=S(G)/(S(G)��M), and M-=M/(S(G)��M). By N/C-theorem, NG-(S-(G))/CG-(S-(G))?Aut(S-(G)). That is, G-/CG-(S-(G))=S-(G)M-/CG-(S-(G)))?Aut(S-(G)). Note that Aut(S-(G)) is abelian since S-(G) is cyclic. Moreover, M-?S(G)M/S(G)=G/S(G) is a nonabelian simple group and S-(G)M-/CG-(S-(G))?(S-(G)M-/S-(G))/(CG-(S-(G))/S-(G)). Here S-(G)M-/S-(G)?M-. Therefore, one has CG-(S-(G))/S-(G)=1 or CG-(S-(G))/S-(G)=S-(G)M-/S-(G)=G-/S-(G). If CG-(S-(G))/S-(G)=1, it follows that S-(G)M-/S-(G)?Aut(S-(G)) is abelian, a contradiction. If CG-(S-(G))/S-(G)=G-/S-(G), then S-(G)��Z(G-). It follows that G-=S-(G)��M- and then MG; this contradicts that all maximal subgroups of G are nonnormal.

Thus, our assumption is not true, so ��(G) = S(G).It follows that G/��(G)PSL(2,5) or PSL(2,13).If ��(G) = 1, then GPSL(2,5) or PSL(2,13).Next, suppose that ��(G) �� 1. Let p be any prime divisor of |��(G)|. We claim that p2. Otherwise, assume that p > 2. Let T be a subgroup of ��(G) such that ��(G)/Tp. That is, ��(G/T)p. Then (G/T)/p(G/T)/��(G/T) = (G/T)/(��(G)/T)G/��(G)PSL(2,5) or PSL(2,13). Since p > 2 and Schur multipliers of both PSL(2,5) and PSL(2,13) are 2, we have that G/TPSL(2,5) �� p or PSL(2,13) �� p. Note that |(PSL(2,5) �� p)|>3 and |(PSL(2,13) �� p)|>3. It follows that |(G)|>3, a contradiction. Thus, p2, so ��(G) is a cyclic 2-group. If |��(G)| = 2n > 2, let L be a subgroup of ��(G) such that ��(G)/L2.

Then (G/L)/2(G/L)/��(G/L) = (G/L)/(��(G)/L)G/��(G)PSL(2,5) or PSL(2,13). We have that G/LSL(2,5) or SL(2,13). Let M be a subgroup of L such that L/M2. Then (G/M)/2(G/M)/(L/M)G/LSL(2,5) or SL(2,13). Since Schur multipliers of both SL(2,5) and SL(2,13) are trivial, we have that G/MSL(2,5) �� 2 or SL(2,13) �� 2; this contradicts that all maximal subgroups of G are nonnormal. Thus, |��(G)| = 2. It follows that GSL(2,5) or SL(2,13). Lemmas 10 and 11 combined together give Theorem 1. Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to the referees who gave valuable comments and suggestions. Jiangtao Shi was supported by NSFC (Grant nos. 11201401 and 11361075). Cui Zhang was supported by H.C. ?rsted Postdoctoral Fellowship at DTU (Technical University of Denmark).

In order to assess the influence of particulate matter (PM) on the Brefeldin_A air quality, ecosystems, human health, and climate changes, it is necessary to be aware of its chemical composition and size distribution [1�C3]. As humans are the most important recipients of environmental pollutants, differences in relationships between specific PM fractions (their concentrations) and morbidity and mortality of the human population must be taken into consideration.There is no concentration threshold for PM in the atmospheric air, below which the PM impact on the human health could be ignored [4].