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assayed expression of the Na+-alanine symporter gene. MH and JAL supervised the research. JAL wrote the manuscript.”
“Background Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. They can be found in almost all ecosystems and it is estimated that approximately 1031 phages exist globally (108 phage species predicted), making them the most prominent biological system on earth [1–5]. Despite these enormous numbers it is estimated that less than 1% of all phage species have been detected by the plaque assay because of undersampling, which is often attributed to the use of classical bacteriophage propagation procedures [4, 5]. The selleck chemical ability of a phage to lyse its host bacterium, producing a plaque ZD1839 mouse within a bacterial lawn, led to the discovery of phages in 1915 by Frederick W. Twort and is the basis of the classic plaque assay, the double-layer agar (DLA) technique, which has been used ever since [6–8] to identify and enumerate phages and isolate mutants. In recent years, interest in phages has increased not only because of their potential use as alternatives to antibiotics (phage therapy) but also because of their applications in many other fields (phage display, immunology, microbial genetics, diagnostics, vaccine development, biosensors, etc.).