0001). There were 1.9 times more microvesicles in esophageal adenocarcinoma than in Barrett’s esophagus (P = 0.0043). Conclusions:  The study demonstrates distinctive alterations

of the mucosa stroma extracellular matrix in the metaplasia-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence. The findings suggest that the redistribution of collagen fibers and increases in numbers of matrix microvesicles may play roles in the formation of specialized intestinal metaplasia and the development of adenocarcinoma. “
“The liver has robust regenerative potential in response to damage, but hepatic steatosis weakens this potential. We found that the enhanced integrated stress response (ISR) mediated by phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) impairs regeneration in hepatic steatosis and that growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 34 (Gadd34)-dependent suppression of ISR plays a crucial role in fatty PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor cancer liver regeneration. Although the mice fed an HFD for 2 weeks developed moderate fatty liver with no increase in eIF2α phosphorylation before 70% hepatectomy, they showed impaired liver regeneration due to reduced buy TSA HDAC proliferation and increased death of hepatocytes with increased phosphorylation of

eIF2α and ISR. An increased ISR through Gadd34 knockdown induced C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)-dependent apoptosis and receptor-interacting protein kinase 3-dependent necrosis, resulting in increased hepatocyte death during fatty liver regeneration. Further, Gadd34 knockdown and increased phosphorylation of eIF2α decreased cyclin D1 protein and reduced hepatocyte proliferation. In contrast, enhancement of Gadd34 suppressed phosphorylation of eIF2α and reduced

CHOP expression and hepatocyte apoptosis without affecting hepatocyte proliferation, clearly improving fatty liver regeneration. In more severe fatty liver of leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice, forced expression of hepatic Gadd34 also promoted hepatic regeneration after hepatectomy. Conclusion: Gadd34-mediated regulation of ISR acts as a physiological defense mechanism against impaired liver regeneration due to steatosis and is thus a possible therapeutic target for impaired regeneration in hepatic steatosis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. “
“PNPLA3 (adiponutrin), a novel patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing enzyme, is expressed MCE at high level in fat, but also in other tissues including liver. Polymorphisms in PNPLA3 have been linked to obesity and insulin sensitivity. Notably, a nonsynonymous variant rs738409(G) allele of the PNPLA3 gene was found to be strongly associated with both nonalcoholic and alcoholic fatty liver disease. We have generated Pnpla3−/− mice by gene targeting. Loss of Pnpla3 has no effect on body weight or composition, adipose mass, or development, whether the mice were fed regular chow or high-fat diet or bred into the genetic obese Lepob/ob background.