When the large-diameter TiO2 nanotube membrane was successfully peeled off and used as the scattering layer in DSSCs, the PCE was found to increase from 5.18% to 6.15% under 1 Sun (or 5.23% to 6.36% under 0.5 Sun) and increased by 19% (or 22%) due to the strong light scattering of large-diameter TiO2 nanotubes. Methods The large-diameter TiO2 nanotubes were fabricated through potentiostatic Emricasan clinical trial anodization in a conventional two-electrode electrochemical cell. Titanium sheets (0.125 mm AP26113 in thickness, Strem Chemicals, Newburyport, MA, USA) were used as the working electrode while Pt foil was the counter electrode,

with the distance between electrodes being 2 cm. The anodization process was divided into three steps: (1) The Ti foil was electrochemically pretreated for 0.5 h at 60 V in an ethylene glycol electrolyte

containing 0.5 wt% NH4F and 3 vol% H2O (anodization electrolyte #1). After anodization, the anodized layer was peeled off by intense ultrasonication to expose the substrate. (2) The surface-exposed Ti was processed Doramapimod in another ethylene glycol electrolyte with 0.5 wt% NH4F and 10 vol% H2O, added with 1.5 M lactic acid (LA) (anodization electrolyte #2). Electrolyte #2 was aged by anodization reaction at 60 V for about 10 h before usage. To fabricate large-diameter nanotubes, the anodization voltage was fixed at 120 V for 10 min and then gradually increased to 180 V for 10 min at a rate of 0.1 V/s. (3) Rebamipide The as-grown large-diameter nanotubes were annealed at 450°C for 2 h and then detached from the Ti substrate by a third anodization

at 60 V in electrolyte #1 to obtain the freestanding membranes [16]. For comparison, freestanding TiO2 nanotube membranes of the same thickness but with smaller diameters were also fabricated by anodization at 60 V for 10 min in electrolyte #1. The resulting nanotube membrane was used as a scattering layer by adhering to the fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate with TiO2 NP paste via a doctor blade method, followed by sintering at 450°C for 2 h. The sintered photoanodes were immersed in a dye-containing solvent (N719 dye, Dyesol, Queanbeyan, New South Wales, Australia) for 3 days. A 25-μm-thick hot-melt spacer was used to separate the sensitized photoanode and the counter electrode which was prepared by thermal decomposition of H2PtCl6 isopropanol solution on FTO glass at 380°C for 30 min. The interspace was filled with a liquid electrolyte of DMPII/LiI/I2/TBP/GuSCN in 3-methoxypropionitrile. The structure and morphology of the TiO2 nanotubes were analyzed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM; JEOL JSM-6335 F, JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics were measured by a sourcemeter (Model 2420, Keithley Instruments, Inc., Cleveland, OH, USA) under AM 1.5G illumination (100 mW cm−2) which was provided by a 300-W solar simulator (Model 91160, Newport Corporation-Oriel Instruments, Irvine, CA, USA).