These data indicate that our trained cohort suffered already a mild increase in intestinal permeability at baseline, probably due to chronic exercise training. It seems that the 14 weeks of probiotic supplementation could reduce zonulin concentrations and hence improve intestinal barrier integrity. A mechanistic explanation for an improved intestinal barrier function after probiotic treatment is provided by Karczewski et al. [17]: they postulate that certain lactic bacteria might activate the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling pathway. TLR2 is localized in the membranes of intestinal wall cells {Selleck Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleck Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleck Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleck Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleckchem Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleckchem Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|buy Anti-infection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library ic50|Anti-infection Compound Library price|Anti-infection Compound Library cost|Anti-infection Compound Library solubility dmso|Anti-infection Compound Library purchase|Anti-infection Compound Library manufacturer|Anti-infection Compound Library research buy|Anti-infection Compound Library order|Anti-infection Compound Library mouse|Anti-infection Compound Library chemical structure|Anti-infection Compound Library mw|Anti-infection Compound Library molecular weight|Anti-infection Compound Library datasheet|Anti-infection Compound Library supplier|Anti-infection Compound Library in vitro|Anti-infection Compound Library cell line|Anti-infection Compound Library concentration|Anti-infection Compound Library nmr|Anti-infection Compound Library in vivo|Anti-infection Compound Library clinical trial|Anti-infection Compound Library cell assay|Anti-infection Compound Library screening|Anti-infection Compound Library high throughput|buy Antiinfection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library ic50|Antiinfection Compound Library price|Antiinfection Compound Library cost|Antiinfection Compound Library solubility dmso|Antiinfection Compound Library purchase|Antiinfection Compound Library manufacturer|Antiinfection Compound Library research buy|Antiinfection Compound Library order|Antiinfection Compound Library chemical structure|Antiinfection Compound Library datasheet|Antiinfection Compound Library supplier|Antiinfection Compound Library in vitro|Antiinfection Compound Library cell line|Antiinfection Compound Library concentration|Antiinfection Compound Library clinical trial|Antiinfection Compound Library cell assay|Antiinfection Compound Library screening|Antiinfection Compound Library high throughput|Anti-infection Compound high throughput screening| to communicate

with metabolites and/or bricks from e.g. Gram-positive bacteria [39]. Activation of the TLR2 signaling pathway has been shown to enhance epithelial resistance in vitro [40].

We suggest that the supplemented probiotics surpassed bacteria that activate the zonulin system (e.g. Gram-negative bacteria), settled in the deep intestine, and could probably activate the TLR2 signaling NVP-BSK805 ic50 pathway. This hypothesis about the settlement of the supplemented probiotic bacteria is in part strengthened by observations of Koning et al. [41] who Angiogenesis inhibitor showed that Enterococcus faecium W54 – one of our used strains – significantly increases in feces after 2 weeks of multi-species probiotic treatment. Their findings demonstrate that these bacteria can survive gastric transport and colonize the GI tract. Thus, our observation on the zonulin decrease after

probiotic supplementation could be of high practical relevance for athletes under the perspective that an improved intestinal Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor barrier reduces athlete’s susceptibility to endotoxaemia and associated cytokine production [42]. α1-antitrpysin in feces is another marker that displays GI barrier integrity and is widely used to estimate protein leakage into the instestinal tract [43, 44]. In this study α1-antitrypsin values did not change after probiotic treatment. We believe that, although our subjects showed indices of a mild disturbance of intestinal permeability at baseline, this slight imbalance in intestinal barrier function was not distinctive enough to provoke an acute-phase response in liver cells via increased α1-antitrypsin synthesis. Oxidative stress markers Protein oxidation can result in loss of enzyme and protein structur and function [45]. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, free metal ions and lipid oxidation end products can generate CP [46]. In this cohort, protein oxidation, as indicated by CP, was already increased at baseline in both groups. These data suggest a higher level of protein oxidation in this group performing permanent physical exercise training. The increased resting CP concentrations but also the post-exercise increase in trained men of this age are not really surprising.