Therefore, using electrophysiological approach, we aimed to determine the antiepileptic effects and restorative potential of low frequency stimulation (LFS) on amygdala kindling-induced changes in electrophysiological properties of rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons.\n\nMethods: Animals were kindled by electrical stimulation of amygdala in a rapid kindling manner

(12 times per day). In one group of animals, immediately after termination of daily 12 rapid kindling find more stimulations, the kindling site was subjected to 4 packages of LFS at intervals of 5 min (each package contained 200 monophasic square-wave pulses, 0.1 ms pulse duration at 1 Hz). Whole cell patch clamp recording under current clamp conditions was performed on visually identified pyramidal neurons in hippocampal slice preparations obtained from amygdala-kindled selleck rats and the rats receiving LFS.\n\nResults: Kindling of the right basolateral amygdala profoundly affected spontaneous firing behavior and repetitive discharge characteristics of pyramidal neuronal electrophysiological properties. Application of LFS at the kindling site almost completely prevented the development of epilepsy and the disruptive effects of kindling on neuronal electrical activity through restoration

of the normal electrophysiological characteristics.\n\nConclusions: The results of this study implied that application of LFS during kindling acquisition prevents the kindling induced changes AS1842856 cell line in functional electrical properties of CA1 pyramidal neurons, suggesting that this action may be involved in the antiepileptogenic mechanism of LFS. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Gastric neoplasms classified as high-grade

dysplasia (HGD) by Western pathologists are frequently diagnosed as tubular adenocarcinoma in Japan. Here, we evaluated the prevalence of submucosal and lymphovascular invasion in a series of 125 endoscopically resected gastric neoplasms. On the basis of Western criteria, the lesions were classified as poorly cohesive carcinomas (n = 4) (excluded from further analysis), low-grade dysplasia (n = 4), pure HGD (n = 78), HGD with tubular adenocarcinoma (n = 4), and pure tubular adenocarcinoma (n = 35). Submucosal invasion was found in 3.8% of the 78 HGDs, 75.0% of the 4 HGDs combined with adenocarcinoma, and 11.4% of the 35 adenocarcinomas. Venous invasion was detected in 1.3% of the 78 HGDs, 75% of the 4 HGDs combined with adenocarcinoma, and none of the 35 tubular adenocarcinomas. Lymphatic invasion was absent in HGD but noted in 25% of the HGDs combined with adenocarcinoma, and 2.9% of the tubular adenocarcinomas. Thus, we demonstrated that lesions characterized as HGD on the basis of Western criteria can be associated with submucosal and lymphovascular invasion.