Promotors used were Pgpa-4 for ASI, Psrg-2 and Psrg-8 for ASK, Podr-4 for sensory neurons including ASI, Pceh-36 for AWC-ASE, and Prab-3 for the entire nervous system. Reported expression patterns and references are given

in Table S2. To inducibly masculinize the nervous system, we modified the published FLP-ON strategy (Davis et al., 2008). IDH inhibitor The masculinizing construct contained in order 5′ to 3′: the Prab-3 promotor, a let-858 stop cassette marked with mCherry and flanked by FRT sites, EGFP in an artificial operon followed by a fem-3 cDNA ( Mehra et al., 1999), and an unc-54 3′ UTR. FLP-recombinase was expressed in a separate construct under the control of the heatshock promotor Phsp16.41. In this strategy, heatshock (1 hr at 33°C) induces expression of NVP-BKM120 supplier FLP-recombinase, which excises the stop cassette and mCherry, thus allowing expression of EGFP and fem-3. Animals for assays were selected prior to heatshock for no visible EGFP and

after heatshock for robust EGFP in the nervous system. Animals were assayed 24 hr after heatshock; EGFP was visible in the nervous system within 4 hr. To masculinize subsets of the hermaphrodite nervous system, we used the Gateway system to fuse different neuron-selective promotors to a standard expression cassette containing fem-3 cDNA ( Mehra et al., 1999) in an artificial operon with mCherry. Masculinized neurons therefore fluoresce red. For sensory neurons, we used Podr-4. For interneurons, we used Pglr-5, Pglr-2, Pser-2b, and Punc-17. Reported expression patterns and references are given in Tables Histone demethylase S2, S3, and S4. The authors wish to thank the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center for strains, Tom Nicholas, Eliott Davidson,

Sarah Bodian, Bryan Benham, and Nadja Schäfer for constructing reagents; Michael Ailion, Doug Portman, and Bill Mowrey for unpublished reagents and comments; Villu Maricq, Mike Shapiro, Randi Rawson, and Sean Merrill for comments; and Cori Bargmann, Kaveh Ashrafi, Piali Sengupta, and Kyuhyung Kim for reagents and insight. This work was funded by a National Research Service Award and an American Cancer Society Fellowship to J.Q.W. and NSF grants 0516815 and 0920069 to E.M.J. “
“Identification of human-specific patterns of gene expression is necessary for understanding how the brain was modified in human evolution. Moreover, uncovering these human expression profiles is crucial for understanding human-specific neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.