Moreover, 7 of 22 samples where the MR allele was detected by sequencing were monoinfections (i.e. there were no two partners for template switching). This MR hybrid family was quite diverse as eight alleles were observed. Allele DMR1 had a group1 type Mad20 while alleles DMR 2-8 derived from Mad20 group 2. All DMR Wortmannin order alleles carried the same 25-residue long, RO33-type downstream region, which interestingly was a RD5 allelic type

with a G97D D104N double mutation (Table 2). A novel hybrid, DMRK, displayed a RO33-K1 hybrid sequence in the family-specific 3′ region (the K1 sequence located in 3′ is underlined in Table 2) [for further analysis see Additional selleck kinase inhibitor file 4]. The large local diversity was associated with a large number of low INCB28060 frequency alleles in the K1 and Mad20/MR family

types, contrasting with the RO33 family where a dominant RD0 allele was observed in 78% (97 of 124) of the sequenced RO33-types alleles (Figure 5A). At the population level (Figure 5B), RD0 was by far the most frequent allele, accounting for 27% of the sequenced samples (top pie chart) and 19.7% of all alleles within the village when adjusted for relative family frequency estimated by nested PCR genotyping (bottom pie chart). The second most frequent allele after adjusting for family frequency was DK65 (adjusted frequency: 4.6%). Most alleles (107 of 126) presented Celecoxib a less than 1% frequency in the population sample studied here. In terms of frequency, the largest contribution among the top 19 alleles came from the RO33 family. Figure 5 Distribution of Pfmsp1 block2 allele frequency in Dielmo. A. Distribution by family based on sequenced alleles: K1-types (N sequenced = 144), Mad20-types grouped together with hybrid types (N sequenced = 90) and RO33-types

(N sequenced = 124). Each family is depicted separately, with alleles ranked clockwise by allele number coded as shown in Table 2. B. Relative individual allele frequency in the 358 sequenced fragments (top) and adjusted to the overall population based on relative family distribution established by nested PCR on 524 PCR fragments (bottom). Identical colour codes used for A and B, ordered clockwise as follows: RD types (light blue colours), Hybrids (green and orange), DM (orange-yellow) and DK alleles (indigo-dark blue colours), with alleles ranked clockwise by allele number coded as shown in Table 2.