LS and GF carried out experimental work on adhesion factors. EG and AN performed the initial isolation of A. baumannii. LP supervised the genetic characterization of the isolates. PL supervised the experiments related to the identification of the adhesion factors and wrote the manuscript, which was revised and approved by all authors.”
“Background Enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive, enterohaemorrhagic and enteroaggregative Escherichia

coli are categories of enteric E. coli that have been unequivocally find more associated with diarrhoeal disease through human challenge studies and/or outbreak investigations [1]. Regarding other potentially AZD6244 cell line diarrhoeagenic categories of E. coli, the most evidence for enterovirulence has been compiled for diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC). However, the basis for DAEC pathogenicity is not well understood. The category is heterogeneous and although some studies have shown an association of DAEC with diarrhoea, Tucidinostat supplier others have not [2]. Two DAEC strains did not elicit diarrhoea upon human volunteer challenge and no outbreaks of DAEC-associated illness have been documented to date [3]. Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) is another heterogeneous diarrhoeagenic E. coli category. Convincing

epidemiological information from EAEC outbreaks exists, and at least one strain was diarrhoeagenic in some human volunteers, however the category is very diverse (reviewed in references [4] and [5]). Compared to other diarrhoeagenic E. coli categories, EAEC and DAEC pathotypes were both described relatively recently and their epidemiology, risk factors and pathogenesis are still in early stages of investigation. Few epidemiological studies seek these categories because the Gold Standard test for their detection, the HEp-2 adherence assay, is cumbersome. This tissue culture-based

test requires expensive facilities and technical expertise that are not universally available. An improved understanding of the importance of diarrhoeagenic E. coli in human disease will depend upon reliable epidemiological data and on channelling of strains identified into molecular Tangeritin pathogenesis research. Accordingly, efforts have been made to develop more widely applicable methods to detect EAEC and DAEC. Baudry et al. tested fragments from the large plasmid of EAEC strain 17-2 and identified a 1 Kb fragment, CVD432, which was 89% sensitive and 99% specific for EAEC strains in their collection [6]. Subsequently, this probe has continued to show specificity for EAEC but its sensitivity has varied between 15 and 90% in different studies [4]. Bilge et al. [7] used a different approach to generate a diagnostic probe for DAEC. They identified, cloned and characterized the F1845 adhesin from DAEC strain C1845. The F1845 adhesin belongs to the Afa/Dr family and is encoded by a five-gene cluster [2]. Bilge et al.