Lhx6-GFP is expressed in interneurons derived from the medial ganglionic eminence ( Cobos et al.,

2007). We followed the progression of phenotype over different developmental stages. At E13.5, in Cxcr7+/+ brains, Lhx6-GFP+ cells formed the MZ and SVZ migratory streams; most SVZ cells had elongated processes pointing toward the dorsal cortex ( Figure 2G). In contrast, Lhx6-GFP+ cells in the Cxcr7−/− cortex did not advance as far dorsally (dotted line in Figure 2H). Furthermore, mutant cells in the MZ and SVZ appeared to be intermingled, and their processes were less polarized Buparlisib concentration along the dorsal (tangential) dimension ( Figure 2H). In the E14.5 Cxcr7+/+ cortex, Lhx6-GFP+ cells were mainly found in the MZ and SVZ/IZ ( Figure 2I), whereas in the Cxcr7−/− cortex, there were fewer Lhx6-GFP+ cells in the MZ and Decitabine ic50 SVZ and more cells in the cortical plate ( Figure 2J). At stages of E16.5 and E18.5, the mutants showed further depletion of Lhx6-GFP+ cells in the cortical MZ and SVZ, and the Lhx6-GFP+ cells continued to accumulate in the CP ( Figures 2L, 2N, 2P, and 2R). The remaining Lhx6-GFP+ cells in the SVZ were chaotically oriented and displayed rudimentary processes ( Figures 2N and 2R). The distribution of interneurons expressing Lhx6 and Dlx1 RNA showed the same phenotype as the Lhx6-GFP+ cells in Cxcr7−/− mutants ( Figure S2). Because Lhx6-GFP+ cells represent MGE-derived interneurons, but not interneurons derived

from the dorsal CGE (dCGE; Zhao et al., 2008), we investigated Rolziracetam whether the Cxcr7 mutation affected Lhx6-GFP− migrating interneurons by using double immunofluorescence labeling with anti-DLX2 and anti-GFP antibodies. In the E14.5 control cortex, ∼55.5% of DLX2+ cells expressed Lhx6-GFP whereas ∼99% of Lhx6-GFP+ cells expressed DLX2 ( Figures 2S and 2T). Therefore, DLX2+/Lhx6-GFP+ cells (yellow) represented MGE-derived interneurons, whereas DLX2+/Lhx6-GFP− cells (red) represented dCGE-derived interneurons ( Figure 2U). TBR1 antibody staining was used to mark developing cortical projection neurons. We analyzed

the number of DLX2+/Lhx6-GFP+ cells and DLX2+/Lhx6-GFP− cells within each layer at E14.5 and E18.5. In Cxcr7−/− mutants at E14.5, Lhx6-GFP+ cells were reduced in the MZ and SVZ and accumulated in the CP; in contrast, Lhx6-GFP− cells had a normal distribution ( Figures 2V–2W and 2Z). In Cxcr7−/− mutants at E18.5, both Lhx6-GFP+ and Lhx6-GFP− cells displayed lamination defects in the MZ and SVZ and in the CP ( Figures 2X–2Y and 2Z). Therefore, our data indicated that the Cxcr7 mutation preferentially affected Lhx6-GFP+ interneurons at early stages, whereas it affected both Lhx6-GFP+ and Lhx6-GFP− interneurons at later stages. Next, we asked whether Cxcr4 and Cxcr7 mutations affected interneuron migration in the same manner. We first studied Lhx6 mRNA expression in Cxcr4−/− and Cxcr7−/− mutants at E15.5 and quantified the total number of Lhx6+ cells in the lateral neocortex ( Figures 3A–3C and 3A′–3C′).