In support of the latter, behaviorally achiasmic subjects do not make any obvious confusion between visual hemifields in line with previous reports (Victor et al., 2000). Furthermore, Williams et al. (1994) demonstrated that in the only animal

model of achiasma, the Belgian sheepdog, the different layers of the LGN receive input from the ipsilateral eye of either the contra- or the ipsilateral visual hemifield. As a consequence, a conservative geniculostriate projection would yield interdigitated representations of the contra- and ipsilateral fields in V1, as those would occupy the former ocular dominance columns (Guillery, 1986; Huberman et al., 2008). This corresponds to the intermixed cortical visual field representations www.selleckchem.com/products/Tenofovir.html we observed. Thus, the data are in support of largely conservative geniculostriate pathways in achiasma preserving the normal gross topography of the projections. This is further corroborated by the normal gross anatomy of the optic radiations as determined using DTI and tractography. It should be noted, however, that the data do not speak to the fine-grained organization in V1 in achiasma. Thus, it is not clear whether the afferents

from the different LGN layers organize themselves into structures reminiscent of ocular-dominance columns, namely into hemifield columns. In conclusion, the highly atypical functional responses in V1 appear to be a consequence of the gross miswiring at the chiasm without corresponding changes in the gross wiring of the geniculostriate

selleck chemical projection. Beyond V1, cortico-cortical connections remain stable as indicated by normal pRF sizes in both striate and extrastriate cortex (Harvey and Dumoulin, 2011) and the persistence of bilateral pRFs in extrastriate cortex. Even interhemispherical connections appear little affected, as stable normal occipital callosal connections were observed. The finding that the representation error in the LGN is propagated in an unaltered manner to the primary visual cortex and beyond highlights the dominance of conservative developmental mechanisms Sarcosine oxidase in human achiasma. The mapping of the abnormal input observed in achiasma resembles that of human and nonhuman primates with completely different types of misrouting, namely abnormal crossing from the temporal retina in albinotic subjects (Guillery, 1986; Hoffmann et al., 2003) or an absence of crossing due to a prenatal hemispheric lesion (Muckli et al., 2009). In contrast, a variety of organization patterns in V1 have been reported for nonprimate albinotic animal models of misrouted optic nerves, part of which involves sizable remapping (Guillery, 1986). In the human visual cortex, such large scale remapping does not appear to be a prevalent strategy to avoid sensory conflicts (Hoffmann et al., 2007; Wolynski et al., 2010). Our results demonstrate a remarkable degree of both stability and plasticity in human achiasma.