“
“Experiments were carried out in the retina of the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) to evaluate the

see more importance of D-serine synthesis on light-evoked N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated components of ganglion cells and contributions to the proximal negative field potential. We blocked the synthesis of D-serine through brief exposures of the retina to phenazine ethosulfate and validated the changes in the tissue levels of D-serine using capillary electrophoresis methods to separate and measure the amino acid enantiomers. Ten minute exposures to phenazine ethosulfate decreased D-serine levels in the retina by about 50% and significantly reduced the NMDA receptor contribution to light responses of the inner retina. This is the first report of a linkage between D-serine synthesis and NMDA receptor activity in the

vertebrate retina. NeuroReport DMXAA research buy 21:239-244 (C) 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“Aims:

To investigate the in vitro antiviral activity of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil (TTO) and its main components, terpinen-4-ol, alpha-terpinene, gamma-terpinene, p-cymene, terpinolene and alpha-terpineol.

Methods and Results:

The antiviral activity of tested compounds was evaluated against polio type 1, ECHO 9, Coxsackie B1, adeno type 2, herpes simplex (HSV) type 1 and 2 viruses by 50% plaque reduction assay. The anti-influenza virus assay was based on the inhibition of the virus-induced cytopathogenicity. Results obtained from our screening demonstrated that the TTO and some of its components (the terpinen-4-ol, the terpinolene, the alpha-terpineol) have an inhibitory effect on influenza A/PR/8 virus subtype H1N1 replication at doses below the cytotoxic dose. The ID(50) value of the TTO was found to be 0 center dot 0006% (v/v) and was much lower than its CD(50) (0 center dot 025% v/v). Quisqualic acid All the compounds were ineffective against polio 1, adeno 2, ECHO 9, Coxsackie B1, HSV-1 and HSV-2. None of the tested compounds

showed virucidal activity. Only a slight virucidal effect was observed for TTO (0 center dot 125% v/v) against HSV-1 and HSV-2.

Conclusions:

These data show that TTO has an antiviral activity against influenza A/PR/8 virus subtype H1N1 and that antiviral activity has been principally attributed to terpinen-4-ol, the main active component.

Significance and Impact of the Study:

TTO should be a promising drug in the treatment of influenza virus infection.”
“The perforant path (PP) connects two key components of the medial temporal memory system, the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. Entorhinal layer II projects densely to the outer portion of the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus and the stratum lacunosum-moleculare of CA2 and CA3 of the hippocampus.