Antimicrob

Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000,44(2):362–367.CrossRefPubMed 16. Paterson DL, Hujer KM, Hujer AM, Yeiser B, Bonomo MD, Rice LB, Bonomo RA: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream isolates from seven countries: dominance and widespread prevalence of SHV- and CTX-M-type beta-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003,47(11):3554–3560.CrossRefPubMed 17. Wagner B, Fattorini L, Wagner M, Jin SH, Stracke R, Amicosante G, Franceschini N, Orefici G: Antigenic properties and immunoelectron microscopic localization of Mycobacterium fortuitum beta-lactamase.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995,39(3):739–745.PubMed 18. Jacoby GA: Beta-lactamase nomenclature. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006,50(4):1123–1129.CrossRefPubMed VX-770 in vitro Authors’ contributions AMH, KSK, NJD, and CRB

involved in study design and execution of experiments. AMH, AE, and RAB study design and manuscript preparation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Salmonella enterica are enteric pathogens that acquired a type III secretion system (T3SS) through horizontal gene transfer of a genomic island termed Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 (SPI-2) [1, 2]. The SPI-2-encoded T3SS and its translocated effectors modify the selleck inhibitor intracellular Fedratinib host niche for Salmonella replication [3–5]. SPI-2 also has genes, ssrA and ssrB, which code for SsrAB, a two-component regulatory system needed for expression of the T3SS [6, 7]. SsrB regulates the expression of SPI-2 encoded substrate effectors including ssaB, as well as several integrated virulence effectors such as sseL [8] and srfN

[9] that are encoded Astemizole elsewhere on the chromosome but that have integrated into the SsrB regulon. Mutants lacking ssrAB are unable to survive within macrophages and are avirulent in mice [1]. Alternative sigma factors coordinate gene expression in response to environmental cues sensed by the bacterium. Sigma factors have a specific recognition motif at the -35 and -10 positions and function to concentrate RNA polymerase at a subset of promoters [10]. One alternative sigma factor, RpoE (σE) responds to envelope stress at the cell surface. Release of σE from its inner membrane anchored anti-sigma factor, RseA, leads to induction of genes required to maintain cell envelope integrity [11]. SsrB-regulated translocated effectors protect S. Typhimurium against host cell defences such as oxidative stress and antimicrobial peptides that perturb bacterial membrane integrity and provide a stimulus for σE release [4, 12–15]. Although proficient at cellular invasion, rpoE or ssrB mutants are highly attenuated for intracellular survival in both cultured cells and animal hosts [16]. In addition, the expression of rpoE and ssrB is up-regulated within macrophages [17].

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