Although there are numerous proteins that participate in clathrin vesicle formation,13, 14 there are three core components: clathrin, adaptor protein 2 (AP2), and the guanosine triphosphate (GTP)ase, dynamin. In general, clathrin triskelions are recruited to and assembled at regions of the plasma membrane enriched in phosphatidylinositol click here 4,5-bisphosphate. AP2 is targeted to these

regions and interacts directly with sorting signals on internalized proteins. Dynamin is then recruited to and assembled on the necks of coated pits and, upon coordinated GTP hydrolysis, promotes vesicle fission. The released vesicles are rapidly uncoated, allowing for coat recycling and vesicle fusion. The studies described here were aimed at identifying the specific step at which ethanol exposure impairs clathrin-mediated R788 internalization and thus the potential mechanism(s) responsible for that impairment. We examined the protein expression, distributions, and assembly of the three core components of the clathrin machinery. Because both

actin and cortactin are hyperacetylated upon alcohol exposure and participate in vesicle fusion, we also examined their distributions.5 The distribution and assembly of clathrin-coated vesicles was compared to that of asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R), whose clathrin-mediated internalization is impaired by ethanol exposure.15, 16 To determine whether ethanol-induced protein acetylation could explain

the internalization defect, we also examined cells treated with trichostatin selleck chemicals A (TSA), a pan-deacetylase inhibitor. 5′NT, 5′ nucleotidase; ADH, alcohol dehydrogenase; AP2, adaptor protein 2; ASGP-R, asialoglycoprotein receptor; CCD, charge-coupled device; CHC, clathrin heavy chain; CYP2E1, cytochrome P450 2E1; GTP, guanosine triphosphate; HDAC6, histone deacetylase-6; HEPES, N-2-hydroxylethylpiperazine-N′-ethanesulfonic acid; IgA, immunoglobulin A; mAbs, monoclonal antibodies; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; PFA, paraformaldehyde; pIgA-R, polymeric IgA receptor; ROI, regions of interest; RT, room temperature; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; TIRF, total internal reflection fluorescence; TSA, trichostatin A. F12 (Coon’s) medium, TSA, and horseradish-peroxidase–conjugated secondary antibodies were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Fetal bovine serum was from Gemini Bio-Products (Woodland, CA), and N-2-hydroxylethylpiperazine-N′-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) was from HyClone (Logan, Utah). Cy3, Alexa Fluor 488– and Alexa Fluor 568–conjugated secondary antibodies were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA), and the Texas Red–conjugated secondaries were from Jackson ImmunoResearch (West Grove, PA).