Although several investigations in both rodents and primates have indicated that some BF neurons projecting to the BLC are non-cholinergic, there have been no studies that have attempted to identify the neurochemical phenotype(s) of these neurons. The present study combined Fluorogold retrograde tract tracing with immunohistochemistry for two markers of BF GABAergic neurons, parvalbumin (PV) or glutamic acid decarboxylase

(GAD), to determine if a subpopulation of BF GABAergic cells projects to the BLC. Injections of Fluorogold confined to the rat BLC, and centered in the basolateral nucleus, produced extensive retrograde labeling in the CAL-101 price ventral pallidum and substantia innominata regions of the BF. Although the great majority of retrogradely labeled neurons were not double-labeled, about 10% of these neurons, located mainly along the ventral aspects of the fundus striati and globus pallidus, exhibited immunoreactivity for PV or GAD. The results of this investigation contradict the long-held belief that there is no extra-amygdalar source of GABAergic inputs to the BLC, and indicate that the cortex-like BLC, in addition to the cortex proper,

receives inhibitory inputs from the basal forebrain. (C) 2009 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Prostaglandin E(1) is frequently used for the clinical treatment of acute sensorineural hearing loss. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of prostaglandin E(1) on the inner ear have not yet been elucidated. The physiological effects of prostaglandin E(1) are mediated

by the prostanoid receptors prostaglandin I receptor and the prostaglandin BMS-777607 E receptor subtypes EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4, the respective agonists for which have been purified. In the current study, we examined the efficacy of a local EP4 agonist application for the treatment of sensorineural hearing loss. We examined EP4 expression in the mouse cochlea using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. The protective effects of local EP4 agonist treatment before or after noise exposure were tested in guinea pigs using measurements of auditory brain-stem responses and histological analysis. The results demonstrated EP4 expression Oxalosuccinic acid in the cochlea, and showed that pre- and post-treatment with an EP4 agonist significantly attenuated threshold shifts of auditory brain stem responses, and significant attenuation in the loss of outer hair cells was found in local EP4 agonist treatment before noise exposure. These findings indicate that EP4 is involved in mechanisms for prostaglandin El actions on the cochlea, and local EP4 agonist treatment could attenuate acute sensorineural hearing loss. (C) 2009 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: Early outcomes of the male sling to correct post-prostatectomy incontinence have been promising in select patients.