9%), stenosis (3.6%) and ureteral reflux with recurrent

graft pyelonephritis (1.1%). Thirty-five patients underwent native ureteropyelostomy, and 14 patients had redo-ureterocystostomy. All patients treated for recurrent graft pyelonephritis had no CAL-101 clinical trial further episodes. Overall, the rate of ureteral stenosis was significantly higher after secondary surgery, compared to the primary anastomosis (10% vs. 3.6%, p = 0.039). A significantly lower incidence of graft pyelonephritis was observed in patients after native ureteropyelostomy compared to patients treated with redo-ureterocystostomy (p = 0.019). In conclusion, reflux and recurrent graft pyelonephritis can be treated effectively by secondary surgery. The use of native ureteropyelostomy may offer protection from graft pyelonephritis after secondary surgery.”
“Complete Cu(In, Ga)Se-2 (CIGS) solar cells in which the collecting heterojunctions were formed by chemical bath deposition of CdS were analyzed by transmission

electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The CIGS was produced at 400 or 580 degrees C as either single layers or in a two-step bilayer process. The compositions of grain boundaries were found to be the VX-680 chemical structure same as the grains before CdS deposition except in the low temperature-deposited bilayer but after CdS was formed the grain boundaries were found to be anion deficient with some evidence of Cu loss from the CIGS and residual Cu found in the CdS in most cases. The results are consistent with n-type doping of the surface of the CIGS and wrapping of the junction around the grains. In bilayer films the grain

boundaries were found to be more open containing many voids and this facilitated penetration of the CdS into the boundaries. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3512966]“
“Phenotypic plasticity in general and polyphenic development in particular are thought to play important roles in organismal diversification and evolutionary Citarinostat innovation. Focusing on the evolutionary developmental biology of insects, and specifically that of horned beetles, I explore the avenues by which phenotypic plasticity and polyphenic development have mediated the origins of novelty and diversity. Specifically, I argue that phenotypic plasticity generates novel targets for evolutionary processes to act on, as well as brings about trade-offs during development and evolution, thereby diversifying evolutionary trajectories available to natural populations. Lastly, I examine the notion that in those cases in which phenotypic plasticity is underlain by modularity in gene expression, it results in a fundamental trade-off between degree of plasticity and mutation accumulation. On one hand, this trade-off limits the extent of plasticity that can be accommodated by modularity of gene expression.