, 2011). Conversely, WFDC1 ( Figures 6E–6H) was expressed most strongly in frontal cortical areas (e.g., DLPFC) and lowest in caudal V1, with expression primarily restricted to L2. Many genes showed area-selective expression (Figures 6I–6L). NEFH, an intermediate filament heavy

chain subunit generally expressed in long range projection neurons, was selectively enriched in L5 of M1 where the longest, spinally projecting neurons, Betz INK 128 concentration cells, are located. Other genes were selectively enriched in specific regions of frontal cortex, including ACG (CALML4, IGFBP5, and LXN) or DLPFC and OFC (CD53). ISH showed selective enrichment of IGFBP5 in ACG compared to DLPFC and OFC ( Figure 6K). Conversely, ISH analysis of CD53 ( Figure 6L) showed enrichment in dorsolateral, ventrolateral, and ventromedial cortex Selleck Forskolin relative to dorsomedial cortex and ACG. The laminar and areal patterning observed in macaque was then compared to homologous structures in human and mouse. This phylogenetic comparison is shown in Figure 7, made possible by the availability of mouse and human ISH data in the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas (http://mouse.brain-map.org) and Allen Human Brain Atlas (http://human.brain-map.org) generated using the same ISH technology platform as the macaque data. Some macaque data was also derived

from the NIH Blueprint Non-Human Primate Atlas (www.blueprintnhpatlas.org). Most genes in Figure 4 above showed laminar expression patterns that were highly conserved between macaque and human, with lesser conservation in mouse. Laminar patterns were generally conserved between primates and mice in visual cortex for CUX2, RORB,

RXFP1, and COL24A1 (left panels in Figure 7), although RXFP1 in mouse showed some regional differences between visual and somatosensory cortices not apparent in the macaque ( Figure 7C). Other genes with highly laminar patterns showed major differences between species, indicated by blue arrowheads in Figures 7E–7G. PDYN either ( Figure 7E) was enriched in excitatory neurons in L4 and L5 in rhesus and human, but in neurons with a broader laminar distribution that colabel with GAD1 indicating expression in GABAergic interneurons in mice (data not shown). The synaptic vesicle protein SV2C was predominantly enriched in superficial L3 pyramidal neurons in most cortical areas in primates (e.g., V2), while it is fairly selective for deep L5 pyramidal neurons in mice. NR4A2 was expressed selectively in deep L5 and L6 in macaque and human, and in both L6 and L2/3 in mice ( Figure 7H). While laminar distributions between V1 and V2 were highly conserved between macaque and human, differences were also noted. PDYN was expressed in L4B in macaque V1 in addition to the dominant L4Cb/5 expression ( Figure 7E), while in human only L4Cb/5 expression was observed.