1986].

This suggestion of a general psychomotor effect links interestingly to findings reported by Schifferstein and colleagues [Schifferstein et al. 2011] who reported enhanced dancing activity for all odorants tested compared with controls, irrespective of purported properties. It may be parsimonious to suggest that the perception of smells produces a global psychomotor enhancement, but the evidence does suggest somewhat greater specificity. For example, Moss and colleagues report a slowing of response speed during exposure to ylang ylang, something not Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical associated with peppermint in the same study, indicating differential effects of the two aromas [Moss et al. 2008]. An alternative possibility regarding the finding of improved reaction time on all three tasks might be that 1,8-cineole Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical affects speed as a consequence of increased subjective alertness of participants. However, correlations performed here between 1,8-cineole and the subjective mood reports suggest otherwise, with no strong evidence present that change in subjective ratings of alertness bore any relationship to plasma 1,8-cineole

levels. Only contentedness possessed a significant relationship with 1,8-cineole levels, and interestingly to some of the cognitive performance Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical outcomes, leading to the intriguing proposal that positive mood can improve performance whereas aroused mood cannot. Previously, Moss and colleagues suggested that the impact of aromas on task performance was independent of subjective feelings [Moss et al. 2003]. Others [e.g. Warm et al. 1991; Itai et al. 2000] have Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical also argued for the independence of effects of aromas on cognition and mood, proposing avenues of influence which are not related to psychological beliefs and expectations. Such proposals sit

well with the pharmacological mechanisms described above. Whether the effects on mood found here and elsewhere are a consequence Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of interactions of compounds with the monoaminergic system is an intriguing possibility worthy of further investigation. The relationship between the Bond-Lader mood scales used here, and those of another widely used scale in environmental Nature Medicine research, the Pleasure, Arousal, Dominance (PAD) scale has yet to be established. The PAD scale [Mehrabian and Russell, 1974] was developed at the same time as Bond and Lader were working on their scale, and has been described as ‘the premier measure in the area of environmental psychology for assessing the impact of the environment on people’ [Machleit and Eroglu, 2000, p. 102]. Given the considerable value of the two scales for assessing mood CFTR inhibitor states it is perhaps surprising that they have not previously been explored in tandem.