2.2. Infrared Difference quality control Spectra of the Catalytic Reaction of PKThe absorbance changes due to the catalytic reaction of PK are shown in Figure 1. They represent the difference in absorbance between the background spectrum recorded within 50 s after mixing and spectra recorded at later times. Negative bands are due to Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries substrate consumption and positive bands due to product formation. The series of solid line spectra in Figure 1A represent the catalytic reaction during 30 minutes and the dotted line is the last spectrum of the control experiments. The positive band at 1174 cm?1 is due to the formation of pyruvate [26], and the negative bands Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries at 974 cm?1 and 1103 cm?1 are caused by PEP consumption [27]. Similarly, absorption at 1240, and 918 cm?1 is assigned to ATP production while the negative band at 941 cm?1 is due to ADP consumption [28,29].
These bands are assigned as follows: the band at 1174 cm?1 is due to the C-CH3 stretching vibration of pyruvate [30], and the bands at 1103 and 974 cm?1 are due to -PO32? stretching vibrations of PEP [27]. The bands arising at 1240 cm?1 and 918 cm?1 are from the ��-PO2? and the P-O-P groups of ATP, respectively, while the ��-PO32? and P-O-P groups of ADP are observed at 941 cm?1 [28,29,31]. Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries These bands are not observed in control experiments without ADP. However, the baseline is not completely flat due to the small amplitude of the signals and the long measurement time. The kinetic evolution of ATP production (1240 cm?1, black) and ADP consumption (941 cm?1, red) is shown in Figure 1B while the control (941 cm?1, green) sample, containing only PK and PEP, Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries did not show any such changes.
Similar plots could also be obtained for the mentioned GSK-3 bands of PEP and pyruvate (data not shown).Figure 1.Enzymatic reaction of PK. (A) Series of overlaid spectra (solid lines) of infrared absorbance changes upon PEP and ADP addition to PK, observed for 30 min. The solid line spectra were recorded at 12 s (black), 4 min (red), 8 min (green), 16 min (blue) …2.3. Infrared Spectra of the Catalytic Reaction of FumaraseFumarase is an enzyme which reversibly catalyses the interconversion between malate and fumarate. Figure 2A shows the absorbance spectra of malic acid (a) and fumaric acid (b) at pH 7.5.Figure 2.(A) Infrared spectra of 100 mM malate (trace a) and fumarate (trace b) in H2O at pH 7.5.
(B) Series
Many electrical systems need batteries to be operational; some because of the impossibility of being permanently HTS connected to a power supply and others in order to improve their mobility. Among electrochemical accumulators, lead-acid batteries are one of the most widely used types [1]. They are found in many fields such as the automotive industry��where lead-acid batteries have been used since the very beginnings��as energy storage for solar panels, in various telecommunication applications, for remote systems, in submarines, and many others.