“Background and aims: Lupin seed is referred to as an anti


“Background and aims: Lupin seed is referred to as an antidiabetic product in traditional medicine. Conglutin-gamma, a lupin seed glycoprotein, was found to cause a significant plasma glucose reduction when orally administered to rats in glucose overload trials. Conglutin-gamma was identified

as being responsible for the claimed biological activity, and the aim of this work was to envisage its hypothetical insulin-mimetic cellular mechanism of action. Insulin is responsible for proteosynthesis control through IRS/AKT/P70S6k/PHAS1 pathways modulation, glucose homeostasis through PKC/Flotillin-2/caveolin-3/Cbl activation and muscle differentiation/hypertrophy via muscle-specific MHC gene transcription control.

Methods and results: To assess whether conglutin-gamma modulates the same insulin-activated kinases, myoblastic C2C12 Epigenetics inhibitor cells were incubated after 72 h of differentiation with 100 nM insulin or 0.5 mg/mL (similar MLN4924 inhibitor to 10 mu M) conglutin-gamma. Metformin-stimulated cells were used as a positive control. The effect on the above mentioned pathways was evaluated after 5,10, 20 and 30 min. In the control cells medium insulin, conglutin-gamma and metformin were not added. We demonstrated that insulin or conglutin-gamma cell stimulation resulted in the persistent activation of protein synthetic pathway

kinases and increased glucose transport, glut4 translocation and muscle-specific gene transcription regulation.

Conclusions: Our results indicate that conglutin-gamma may regulate muscle energy metabolism, protein synthesis and MHC gene transcription through the modulation of the same insulin signalling pathway, suggesting the potential therapeutic use of this natural legume protein in the treatment of diabetes and other insulin-resistant conditions, as well as the potential conglutin-gamma influence on muscle cells differentiation and regulation of muscle growth. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Anorectal melanomas represent a group of mucosal melanomas with unknown etiology and poor prognosis. The lesions can be misdiagnosed

as hemorrhoids during clinical examination. We reviewed the morphological Buparlisib solubility dmso and clinical features of 14 anorectal melanomas, and discuss the treatment modalities of this entity. Fourteen patients who were diagnosed with anorectal malignant melanoma between 1997 and 2004 were evaluated with regard to age, sex, size, morphology, lymph node or distant metastasis, treatment modality and survival. Eight patients were female and six were male, and their mean age was 58 years. The size of melanoma ranged from 3 cm to 8 cm. Pathological evaluation revealed epithelioid and spindle cell type tumor in seven and two patients, respectively, whereas, in the remaining seven patients, the tumor was composed of both types. Pigmentation was apparent in all tumors.

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